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SDG 2

Environmental factors, regional body size distributions, and spatial variation in body size of local avian assemblages
05 November 2008
Stellenbosch University

Greve, M.;Gaston, K.J.;van Rensburg, B.J.;Chown, S.L.

Aim To determine how well variation in median body size of avian assemblages is predicted by (1) the environmental models usually employed in analyses of Bergmann’s rule and (2) random sampling from the regional body size frequency distribution. If body size frequency distributions of local assemblages represent a random sample of a regional frequency distribution, then geographic variation in body sizes of assemblages might be a consequence of the determinants of spatial variation in species richness rather than direct influences on body size per se. Location Southern Africa. Methods Median body masses (as a measure of body size) of avian assemblages were calculated for quarter degree grid cells across South Africa and Lesotho. The relationship between median body mass and four environmental variables (minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, precipitation, and seasonality in the normalized difference vegetation index, as a measure of seasonality in productivity) was examined using general linear models first without taking spatial autocorrelation into account, and accounting for it by fitting an exponential spatial covariance structure. Model fit was assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion and Akaike weights. At each species richness value, random assemblages were sampled by either drawing species randomly from the regional body mass frequency distribution, or drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution with a probability proportional to their geographic distribution in the area. The ability of randomizations to predict actual body masses was examined using two-tailed Fisher exact tests. Results: Seasonality in productivity was the only environmental variable that remained a significant predictor of body mass variation in spatially explicit models, though the positive relationship was weak. When species richness was included in the models it remained the only significant predictor of size variation. Randomizations predicted median body mass poorly at low species richness, but well at high richness. Main conclusions: Environmental models that have previously been proposed explain little of the variation in body mass across avian assemblages in South Africa. However, much of the variation in median mass of assemblages could be predicted by randomly drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution, particularly using randomizations in which all species were drawn from the regional body mass frequency distribution with equal probability and at high species richness values. This outcome emphasizes the need to consider null expectations in investigations of the geographic variation in body size together with the likely environmental mechanisms underlying spatial variation in average size. Moreover, it suggests that in the South African avifauna, spatial variation in the body sizes of assemblages may be determined indirectly by the factors that influence geographic variation in species richness.
Home range use of free-ranging cheetah on farm and conservation land in Botswana
22 July 2009
Stellenbosch University

Houser, AnnMarie;Somers, Michael J.;Boast, Lorraine K.

Cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus) movements should be considered when developing management strategies for long-term survival and coexistence with humans. Although work has been done in Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania little data on the home range and territory size of cheetah in Botswana has been published. This study aimed to estimate male and female home range sizes and daily movement on farmland and a game reserve in Botswana. Cheetahs were monitored from October 2003 to April 2007. The cheetah were fitted with cell/GPS or VHF collars and released back into their home range. Single male home ranges were 494 km2 and 663 km2 and a coalition of two males had a home range of 849 km2 (fixed kernel method). The females’ home ranges were 241 km2 and 306 km2 (fixed kernel method). Females travelled a mean distance of 2.16 ± 0.07 km/day (range; 0–20 km/day) compared to 6.13 ± 0.30 km/day (range; 0–39 km/day) in males. Female maximum daily travel increased from 4.17 km/day when cubs where in the den to 8.16 km/day when cubs had left the den.
Predicting naturalization of southern African Iridaceae in other regions
19 October 2010
Stellenbosch University

van Kleunen, M.;Johnson, S.D.;Fischer, M.

1. One of the major challenges in invasion biology is to predict the likelihood of naturalization, and ultimately invasiveness, of species from properties that can be assessed in the native range prior to a species’ introduction elsewhere. This is particularly relevant as intentional introduction for horticultural usage has been predicted to be the over-riding factor associated with naturalization. 2. We compiled a data set on 1036 species of Iridaceae native to southern Africa to test whether traits differ between orticulturally used and unused species, whether the likelihood of naturalization elsewhere is higher for horticulturally used species, and whether it differs according to species’ taxonomic affinities, geographical range size, altitudinal range, number of subtaxa and plant size. 3. Our results show that at least 306 southern African Iridaceae species are used in horticulture elsewhere. Of the 67 that have become naturalized elsewhere, no less than 62 are in horticulture, indicating horticultural trade as the main source of naturalized Iridaceae. 4. Global horticultural usage differs among the three subfamilies and among the genera. In addition, horticultural usage is more likely for species with a larger distributional range, a lower maximum altitude, more subtaxa and a taller height. This indicates that species introduced elsewhere for horticultural usage have a biased set of biogeographical and biological characteristics that should be corrected for in analyses of naturalization. 5. After correction for horticultural usage, naturalization differs between genera, and is more likely for species with lower maximum altitude, species with higher numbers of subtaxa and taller species. 6. Cross-validation of our predictive logistic regression model revealed a low kappa (0·279 ± 0·069, mean ± SE) that was significantly different from zero. This indicates that the estimates from our logistic regression model can be used to predict naturalization of Iridaceae but that the accuracy is relatively low. 7. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that screening protocols for potential invasiveness of species of Iridaceae should include international horticultural usage, and taxonomic, biogeographical and biological characteristics in the native range, as predictors. Moreover, for the development of more accurate predictive models, experimental assessment of other plant characteristics associated with naturalization is still required.
Spatial patterns of prisoner’s dilemma game in metapopulations
20 October 2010
Stellenbosch University

Hui, C.;McGeoch, M.A.

Because to defect is the evolutionary stable strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG), understanding the mechanism generating and maintaining cooperation in PDG, i.e. the paradox of cooperation, has intrinsic significance for understanding social altruism behaviors. Spatial structure serves as the key to this dilemma.Here, we build themodel of spatial PDG under a metapopulation framework: the sub-populations of cooperators and defectors obey the rules in spatial PDG as well as the colonization–extinction process of metapopulations. Using the mean-field approximation and the pair approximation, we obtain the differential equations for the dynamics of occupancy and spatial correlation. Cellular automaton is also built to simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the spatial PDG in metapopulations. Join-count statistics are used to measure the spatial correlation as well as the spatial association of the metapopulation. Simulation results show that the distribution is self-organized and that it converges to a static boundary due to the boycotting of cooperators to defectors. Metapopulations can survive even when the colonization rate is lower than the extinction rate due to the compensation of cooperation rewards for extinction debt. With a change of parameters in the model, a metapopulation can consist of pure cooperators, pure defectors, or cooperator–defector coexistence. The necessary condition of cooperation evolution is the local colonization of a metapopulation. The spatial correlation between the cooperators tends to be weaker with the increase in the temptation to defect and the habitat connectivity; yet the spatial correlation between defectors becomes stronger. The relationship between spatial structure and the colonization rate is complicated, especially for cooperators. Themetapopulationmay undergo a temporary period of prosperity just before the extinction, even while the colonization rate is declining.
Phenotypic plasticity of gas exchange pattern and water loss in Scarabeus spretus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): deconstructing the basis for metabolic rate variation
03 November 2010
Stellenbosch University

Terblanche, J.S.;Clusella-Trullas, S.;Chown, S.L.

Investigation of gas exchange patterns and modulation of metabolism provide insight into metabolic control systems and evolution in diverse terrestrial environments. Variation in metabolic rate in response to environmental conditions has been explained largely in the context of two contrasting hypotheses, namely metabolic depression in response to stressful or resource- (e.g. water) limited conditions, or elevation of metabolism at low temperatures to sustain life in extreme conditions. To deconstruct the basis for metabolic rate changes in response to temperature variation, here we undertake a full factorial study investigating the longer- and short-term effects of temperature exposure on gas exchange patterns. We examined responses of traits of gas exchange [standard metabolic rate (SMR); discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) cycle frequency; cuticular, respiratory and total water loss rate (WLR)] to elucidate the magnitude and form of plastic responses in the dung beetle, Scarabaeus spretus. Results showed that short- and longer-term temperature variation generally have significant effects on SMR and WLR. Overall, acclimation to increased temperature led to a decline in SMR (from 0.071±0.004mlCO2h–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 0.039±0.004mlCO2h–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 20°C) modulated by reduced DGE frequency (15°C acclimation: 0.554±0.027mHz, 20°C acclimation: 0.257±0.030mHz, 25°C acclimation: 0.208±0.027mHz recorded at 20°C), reduced cuticular WLRs (from 1.058±0.537mgh–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 0.900±0.400mgh–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 20°C) and reduced total WLR (from 4.2±0.5mgh–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 3.1±0.5mgh–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 25°C). Respiratory WLR was reduced from 2.25±0.40mgh–1 in 15°C-acclimated beetles to 1.60±0.40mgh–1 in 25°C-acclimated beetles measured at 25°C, suggesting conservation of water during DGE bursts. Overall, this suggests water conservation is a priority for S. spretus exposed to longer-term temperature variation, rather than elevation of SMR in response to low temperature acclimation, as might be expected from a beetle living in a relatively warm, low rainfall summer region. These results are significant for understanding the evolution of gas exchange patterns and trade-offs between metabolic rate and water balance in insects and other terrestrial arthropods.
Dynamics of the functional groups in the weed flora of dryland and irrigated agroecosystems in the Gangetic plains of India
03 November 2010
Stellenbosch University

Singh, A.;Sharma, G.P.;Raghubanshi, A.S.

The relative abundance of the weed functional types in dryland and irrigated rice in the Kharif (summer) crop field and dryland lentil and wheat in the irrigated Rabi (winter) crop field was studied at the agricultural farm of Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India. A total of 22 species, belonging to 17 families,was recorded in the dryland and irrigated rice ecosystems and 18 species, belonging to eight families,were recorded in the dryland lentil and irrigated wheat ecosystems.The ImportanceValue Index (IVI) of the hemicryptophytes showed an increasing trend with the crop growth period in the case of the dryland rice, whereas in the irrigated rice plots, a reduction in the IVI of the hemicryptophytes, with a related increase in the importance of the therophytes,was observed as the crop attained maturity.Also, the trend of a decreased IVI was observed for the geophytes in the fertilized dryland rice plots.The principal components analysis (PCA) ordination showed the uniqueness of the crop plot in terms of weed species composition.The PCA analysis of the functional types on the basis of the crop plots indicated that the hemicryptophyte and therophyte weed species composition was heavily altered at the initial and final sampling, although the weed flora was dominated by the therophytes and geophytes. These results suggest the prioritization of hierarchical temporal management options for the functional weed types in different crop plots and that this approach warrants further investigation.
Inbreeding, heterozygosity and fitness in a reintroduced population of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)
22 March 2011
Stellenbosch University

Spiering, P.A.;Szykman Gunther, M.;Somers, M.J.;Wildt, D.E.;Walters, M.;Wilson, A.S.;Maldonado, J.E.

It is crucial to understand the genetic health and implications of inbreeding in wildlife populations, especially of vulnerable species. Using extensive demographic and genetic data, we investigated the relationships among pedigree inbreeding coefficients, metrics of molecular heterozygosity and fitness for a large population of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in South Africa. Molecular metrics based on 19 microsatellite loci were significantly, but modestly correlated to inbreeding coefficients in this population. Inbred wild dogs with inbreeding coefficients of C0.25 and subordinate individuals had shorter lifespans than outbred and dominant contemporaries, suggesting some deleterious effects of inbreeding. However, this trend was confounded by packspecific effects as many inbred individuals originated from a single large pack. Despite wild dogs being endangered and existing in small populations, findings within our sample population indicated that molecular metrics were not robust predictors in models of fitness based on breeding pack formation, dominance, reproductive success or lifespan of individuals. Nonetheless, our approach has generated a vital database for future comparative studies to examine these relationships over longer periods of time. Such detailed assessments are essential given knowledge that wild canids can be highly vulnerable to inbreeding effects over a few short generations.
Impact of anthropogenic transportation to Antarctica on alien seed viability
01 June 2011
Stellenbosch University

Hughes, K.A.;Lee, J.E.;Ware, C.;Kiefer, K.;Bergstrom, D.M.

Antarctic ecosystems are at risk from the introduction of invasive species. The first step in the process of invasion is the transportation of alien species to Antarctic in a viable state. However, the effect of longdistance human-mediated dispersal, over different timescales, on propagule viability is not well known. We assessed the viability of Poa trivialis seeds transported to Antarctica from the UK, South Africa and Australia by ship or by ship and aircraft. Following transportation to the Antarctic Treaty area, no reduction in seed viability was found, despite journey times lasting up to 284 days and seeds experiencing temperatures as low as -1.5°C. This work confirms that human-mediated transport may overcome the dispersal barrier for some propagules, and highlights the need for effective pre-departure biosecurity measures.
Defining optimal sampling effort for large-scale monitoring of invasive alien plants: a Bayesian method for estimating abundance and distribution
03 October 2011
Stellenbosch University

Hui, C.;Foxcroft, L.C.;Richardson, D.M.;MacFadyen, S.

1. Monitoring the abundance and spatial structure of invasive alien plant populations is important for designing and measuring the efficacy of long-term management strategies. However, methods for monitoring over large areas with minimum sampling effort, but with sufficient accuracy, are lacking. Although sophisticated sampling techniques are available for increasing sampling efficiency, they are often difficult to implement for large-scale monitoring, thus necessitating a robust yet practical method. 2. We explored this problem over a large area (c.20 000 km2), using ad hoc presence–absence records routinely collected over 4 years in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Using a Bayesianmethod designed to solve the pseudo-absence (or false-negative) dilemma, we estimated the abundance and spatial structure of all invasive alien plants inKNP. Five sampling schemes, with different spatially weighted sampling efforts, were assessed and the optimal sampling effort estimated. 3. Although most taxa have very few records (50% of the species have only one record), the more abundant species showed a log-normal species-abundance distribution, with the 29 most abundant taxa being represented by an estimated total of 2Æ22 million individuals, with most exhibiting positive spatial autocorrelation. 4. Estimations from all sampling schemes approached the real situation with increasing sampling effort. An equal-weighted (uniform) sampling scheme performed best for abundance estimation (optimal efforts of 68 records per km2), but showed no advantage in detecting spatial autocorrelation (247 records per km2 required). With increasing sampling effort, the accuracy of abundance estimation followed an exponential form, whereas the accuracy of distribution estimation showed diverse forms. Overall, a power law relationship between taxon density (as well as the spatial autocorrelation) and the optimal sampling effort was determined. 5. Synthesis and applications. The use of Bayesian methods to estimate optimal sampling effort indicates that for large-scale monitoring, reliable and accurate schemes are feasible. These methods can be used to determine optimal schemes in areas of different sizes and situations. In a large area like KNP, the uniform equal-weighted sampling scheme performs optimally for monitoring abundance and distribution of invasive alien plants, and is recommended as a protocol for large-scale monitoring in other protected areas as well.
Expanding the conceptual frameworks of plant invasion ecology
28 November 2011
Stellenbosch University

Foxcroft, L.C.;Pickett, S.T.A.;Cadenasso, M.L.

Numerous mechanisms driving alien plant invasions have been described in a rapidly growing body of literature. However these are frequently case specific, making generalizations across species and systems difficult. A number of conceptual approaches have been proposed to help synthesize the literature, stimulating healthy debate among scientists. We build on these syntheses, presenting an expanded framework that incorporates the processes contributing to invasions, and the context within which they must interact. We also provide a model template into which the framework we develop is incorporated, illustrating both with examples. Our general framework includes three contributing processes: these are (1) the characteristics of the introduced species, (2) system context, within which the invasion takes place, and (3) the features of the receiving habitat. System context refers to the influences arising outside of the receiving environment, both spatially and temporally. Each contributing process is comprised of specific mechanisms, drawn from literature on invasion ecology and other related fields. The framework invokes relevant mechanisms for a specific species or situation. Although, a number of frameworks already consider the characteristics of the invading species or those of the receiving habitat, they seldom include all possible characteristics of both. We propose that these approaches alone are inadequate to provide a comprehensive understanding of the invasion process, without explicitly examining the context within which the invasion takes place. The model template we present relates the contributing processes described for a particular invasion, to the change in habitat from one state to another. Each of the contributing processes defined in the framework modulates the degree to which the habitat is changed. We suggest that these additional tools and the explicit inclusion of all three contributing processes, provide for further synthesis and improved understanding of invasions by alien plants.
Inbreeding avoidance influences the viability of reintroduced populations of African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus)
06 June 2012
Stellenbosch University

Becker, Penny A.;Miller, Philip S;Micaela Szykman Gunther, Micaela Szykman Gunther;Somers, Michael J.;Wildt, David E.;Maldonado, Jesu´ s E.

The conservation of many fragmented and small populations of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) relies on understanding the natural processes affecting genetic diversity, demographics, and future viability. We used extensive behavioural, life-history, and genetic data from reintroduced African wild dogs in South Africa to (1) test for inbreeding avoidance via mate selection and (2) model the potential consequences of avoidance on population persistence. Results suggested that wild dogs avoided mating with kin. Inbreeding was rare in natal packs, after reproductive vacancies, and between sibling cohorts (observed on 0.8%, 12.5%, and 3.8% of occasions, respectively). Only one of the six (16.7%) breeding pairs confirmed as third-order (or closer) kin consisted of animals that were familiar with each other, while no other paired individuals had any prior association. Computer-simulated populations allowed to experience inbreeding had only a 1.6% probability of extinction within 100 years, whereas all populations avoiding incestuous matings became extinct due to the absence of unrelated mates. Populations that avoided mating with first-order relatives became extinct after 63 years compared with persistence of 37 and 19 years for those also prevented from second-order and third-order matings, respectively. Although stronger inbreeding avoidance maintains significantly more genetic variation, our results demonstrate the potentially severe demographic impacts of reduced numbers of suitable mates on the future viability of small, isolated wild dog populations. The rapid rate of population decline suggests that extinction may occur before inbreeding depression is observed.
Sex differences in developmental response to yeast hydrolysate supplements in adult Queensland fruit fly
16 August 2012
Stellenbosch University

Perez-Staples, D.;Weldon, C.W.;Taylor, P.W.

Post-teneral dietary supplements have been found to improve mating performance of male Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Q-fly) and show considerable promise for enhancement of sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes even when applied within the current 48 h pre-release holding period. However, Q-flies are released as a bisexual strain, and the positive effects of a diet including yeast hydrolysate for males may also boost reproductive development and sexual performance of females. Increased prevalence of mature sterile females can substantially dilute SIT efficacy as mating capacity of sterile males is largely depleted by sterile females rather than the relatively rare wild females. Here, we demonstrate that providing yeast hydrolysate for 48 h after adult emergence, emulating the current pre-release holding period of Q-fly SIT, leads to a significant increase in reproductive development and sexual performance inmale Q-flies. In contrast, female Qflies with access to yeast hydrolysate for 48 h had ovaries that were poorly developed and, particularly at younger ages, were less likely to mate and remate than females with continuous, ad libitum access to yeast hydrolysate. Our findings suggest that addition of yeast hydrolysate into the pre-release diet of Q-flies could be a cost-effective means of releasing a bisexual strain with competitive males but with sexually immature females, thereby rendering it operationallymore similar to a unisexual strain.
Getting here from there: testing the paradigm of invasion success
10 December 2012
Stellenbosch University

Hardesty, Denise;Le Roux, Johannes;Meyer, Jean-Yves;Westcott, David;Wieczorek, Ania

Aim To explore the potential of genetic processes and mating systems to influence successful plant invasions, we compared genetic diversity of the highly invasive tropical treelet, Miconia calvescens, in nine invasive populations and three native range populations. Specifically, we tested how genetic diversity is partitioned in native and invaded regions, which have different invasion histories (multiple vs. single introductions). Lastly, we infer how levels of inbreeding in different regions impact invasion success. Location Invaded ranges in the Pacific (Hawaii, Tahiti, New Caledonia) and Australia and native range in Costa Rica. Methods Genetic diversity was inferred by analysing variation at nine microsatellite loci in 273 individuals from 13 populations of M. calvescens. Genetic structure was assessed using amova, isolation by distance (IBD) within regions, a Bayesian clustering approach, and principal coordinates analysis. Results Microsatellite analysis revealed that invaded regions exhibit low levels of allelic richness and genetic diversity with few private alleles. To the contrary, in the native range, we observed high levels of allelic richness, high heterozygosity and 78% of all private alleles. Surprisingly, despite evident genetic bottlenecks in all invasive regions, similarly high levels of inbreeding were detected in both invasive and native ranges (FIS: 0.345 and 0.399, respectively). Bayesian clustering analysis showed a lack of geographical structure in the Pacific and evidence of differing invasion histories between the Pacific and Australia. While Pacific populations are derived from a single introduction to the region, multiple introductions have taken place in Australia from different source regions. Main conclusions Multiple introductions have not resulted in increased genetic diversity for M. calvescens invasions. Moreover, similar inbreeding levels between native and invaded ranges suggests that there is no correlation between levels of inbreeding and levels of standing genetic diversity for M. calvescens. Overall, our results show that neither inbreeding nor low genetic diversity is an impediment to invasion success.
Uncontrolled admixture and loss of genetic diversity in a local Vietnamese pig breed
19 February 2013
Stellenbosch University

Berthouly-Salazar, C.;Thevenon, S.;Thu Nhu, V.;Binh Trong, N.;Lan Doan, P.;Cuong Vu, C.;Maillard, J.-C.

The expansion of intensive livestock production systems in developing countries has increased the introduction of highly productive exotic breeds facilitating indiscriminate crossbreeding with local breeds. In this study, we set out to investigate the genetic status of the Vietnamese Black H’mong pig breed by evaluating (1) genetic diversity and (2) introgression from exotic breeds. Two exotic breeds, namely Landrace and Yorkshire used for crossbreeding, and the H’mong pig population from Ha Giang (HG) province were investigated using microsatellite markers. Within the province, three phenotypes were observed: a White, a Spotted and a Black phenotype. Genetic differentiation between phenotypes was low (0.5–6.1%). The White phenotypes showed intermediate admixture values between exotic breeds and the Black HG population (0.53), indicating a crossbreed status. Management practices were used to predict the rate of private diversity loss due to exotic gene introgressions. After 60 generations, 100% of Black private alleles will be lost. This loss is accelerated if the admixture rate is increased but can be slowed down if the mortality rate (e.g., recruitment rate) is decreased. Our study showed that a large number of markers are needed for accurately identifying hybrid classes for closely related populations. While our estimate of admixture still seems underestimated, genetic erosion can occur very fast even through indiscriminate crossbreeding.
A global analysis of molecular markers and phenotypic traits in local chicken breeds in Taiwan
20 February 2013
Stellenbosch University

Chang, C.S.;Chen, C.F.;Berthouly-Salazar, C.;Chazara, O.;Lee, Y.P.;Chang, C.M.;Chang, K.H.;Bed'Hom, B.;Tixier-Boichard, M.

Molecular and phenotypic data have been combined to characterize the genetic diversity of six local chicken breeds maintained with a long-term conservation programme. Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi and Quemoy originated from Taiwan, Shek-Ki is from South China, and Nagoya is from Japan. Molecular tools included 24 microsatellite markers, melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R), the LEI0258 marker located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and mitochondrial DNA. Performance was recorded on the same individuals for body weight, panting rate in summer and antibody response (antigens: Newcastle disease virus and sheep red blood cells). A multivariate method previously proposed for taxonomy was used to combine the different data sets. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) and the MCW330 marker contributed the most to the first axis of the multiple coinertia analysis of molecular markers. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) showed evidence of selection, probably related to its effect on feather colour. The MHC exhibited a large diversity, with 16 alleles of the LEI0258 marker. Immune response traits contributed the most to the principal component analysis of phenotypic data. Eight mitochondrial DNA haplotypes related to clades A, B, C and E were distributed across breeds and revealed an important contribution of Indian and European breeds to Ju-Chi, Quemoy and Hsin-Yi. Phenotypic data contributed less than molecular data to the combined analysis, and two markers, LEI0258 and LEI0228, contributed the most. The combined analysis could clearly discriminate all breeds, except Ju- Chi, which was similar to Quemoy for many criteria, except immune response.
Effect of inter-annual landscape changes on the interactions between cereal aphids and their natural enemies
12 February 2014
Stellenbosch University

Zhao, Z.H.;Hui, C.;Ouyang, F.;Liu, J.H.;Guan, X.Q.;He, D.H.;Ge, F.

The agricultural intensification and the subsequent habitat changes in agroecosystem can strongly affect biological control services. We here examine the influence of inter-annual landscape change in wheat field area on interactions of cereal aphids and their natural enemies, as well as the efficacy of biological control using data collected from a 4-year experiment in Northwest China. Two hypotheses were tested. (i) Population densities decline following an inter-annual expansion of wheat crop proportion cover due to dilution and crowding effects. (ii) Species that are specialists or at higher trophic levels are more sensitive to bottom- up disturbance by inter-annual change in percent cover of wheat crop. Results showed the population densities of one cereal aphid ( Macrosiphum avenae ), one parasitic wasp ( Aphidius avenae ), two specialist predators (ladybirds: Hippodamia variegata and H. tredecimpunctata ) and one hyperparasitic wasp ( Pachyneuron aphidis ) declined following the expansion of wheat crop areas, supporting the predictions of inter-annual dilution and crowding effects. In contrast, the populations of one cereal aphid ( Schizaphis graminum ), one parasitic wasp ( A. gifuensis ), two generalist predators (spiders: Pardosa astrigera ; carabid beetles: Chlaenius pallipes ), and two hyperparasitic wasps ( Asaphes suspensus , and Alloxysta sp.) did not respond to inter-annual landscape change. The two hypotheses were partially supported but with noticeable exceptions, and the bio-control efficiency declined with the increase of the proportion cover of wheat field in agricultural landscape. Overall, different responses of cereal aphids and their natural enemies make it difficult but still possible to optimize inter-annual landscape change for enhancing the parasitism rate and predator-prey ratio.
Genetic diversity of Vietnamese domestic chicken populations as decision-making support for conservation strategies
20 May 2014
Stellenbosch University

Pham, M.H.;Berthouly-Salazar, C.;Tran, X.H.;Chang, W.H.;Crooijmans, R.P.M.A.;Lin, D.Y.;Hoang, V.T.;Lee, Y.P;Tixier-Boichard, M.;Chen, C.F.

The aims of this study were to assess the genetic diversity of 17 populations of Vietnamese local chickens (VNN) and one Red Jungle Fowl population, together with six chicken populations of Chinese origin (CNO), and to provide priorities supporting the conservation of genetic resources using 20 microsatellites. Consequently, the VNN populations exhibited a higher diversity than did CNO populations in terms of number of alleles but showed a slightly lower observed heterozygosity. The VNN populations showed in total seven private alleles, whereas no CNO private alleles were found. The expected heterozygosity of 0.576 in the VNN populations was higher than the observed heterozygosity of 0.490, leading to heterozygote deficiency within populations. This issue could be partly explained by the Wahlund effect due to fragmentation of several populations between chicken flocks. Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of genetic variation was found within VNN populations. The Bayesian clustering analysis showed that VNN and CNO chickens were separated into two distinct groups with little evidence for gene flow between them. Among the 24 populations, 13 were successfully assigned to their own cluster, whereas the structuring was not clear for the remaining 11 chicken populations. The contributions of 24 populations to the total genetic diversity were mostly consistent across two approaches, taking into account the within- and between-populations genetic diversity and allelic richness. The black H’mong, Lien Minh, Luong Phuong and Red Jungle Fowl were ranked with the highest priorities for conservation according to Caballero and Toro’s and Petit’s approaches. In conclusion, a national strategy needs to be set up for Vietnamese chicken populations, with three main components: conservation of high-priority breeds, within-breed management with animal exchanges between flocks to avoid Wahlund effect and monitoring of inbreeding rate.
Stable and fluctuating temperature effects on the development rate and survival of two malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus
04 June 2014
Stellenbosch University

Lyons, C.L.;Coetzee, M.;Chown, S.L.

Background: Understanding the biology of malaria vector mosquitoes is crucial to understanding many aspects of the disease, including control and future outcomes. The development rates and survival of two Afrotropical malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, are investigated here under conditions of constant and fluctuating temperatures. These data can provide a good starting point for modelling population level consequences of temperature change associated with climate change. For comparative purposes, these data were considered explicitly in the context of those available for the third African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Methods: Twenty five replicates of 20–30 eggs were placed at nine constant and two fluctuating temperatures for development rate experiments and survival estimates. Various developmental parameters were estimated from the data, using standard approaches. Results: Lower development threshold (LDT) for both species was estimated at 13-14°C. Anopheles arabiensis developed consistently faster than An. funestus. Optimum temperature (Topt) and development rate at this temperature (μmax) differed significantly between species for overall development and larval development. However, Topt and μmax for pupal development did not differ significantly between species. Development rate and survival of An. funestus was negatively influenced by fluctuating temperatures. By contrast, development rate of An. arabiensis at fluctuating temperatures either did not differ from constant temperatures or was significantly faster. Survival of this species declined by c. 10% at the 15°C to 35°C fluctuating temperature regime, but was not significantly different between the constant 25°C and the fluctuating 20°C to 30°C treatment. By comparison, previous data for An. gambiae indicated fastest development at a constant temperature of 28°C and highest survival at 24°C. Conclusions: The three most important African malaria vectors all differ significantly in development rates and survival under different temperature treatments, in keeping with known distribution data, though differences among M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae likely complicate the picture. Increasing temperatures associated with climate change favour all three species, but fluctuations in temperatures are detrimental to An. funestus and may also be for An. gambiae. This may have significant implications for disease burden in areas where each species is the main malaria vector.
A meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies of Newcastle disease in African agro-systems, 1980-2009
09 June 2014
Stellenbosch University

Miguel, E.;Grosbois, V.;Berthouly-Salazar, C.;Caron, A.;Cappelle, J.;Roger, F.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important and widespread avian pests. In Africa, backyard poultry production systems are an important source of protein and cash for poor rural livelihoods. ND mortality in these production systems is important and seriously disrupts benefits derived from it. This study undertook an African continental approach of ND epidemiology in backyard poultry. After a systematic literature review of studies published from 1980 to 2009, a meta-analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of serological prevalence and outbreak occurrence was performed. Average ND serological prevalence was estimated at 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.75] in regions characterized by humid ecosystems, high human and poultry densities and low altitudes ; 0.36 (95% CI 0.30–0.41) in dry ecosystems at intermediate altitude where human and poultry densities are low and 0.27 (95% CI 0.19–0.38) in mountain ecosystems where human and poultry densities are intermediate. In terms of seasonality, ND outbreaks occur mostly during the dry seasons in Africa, when environmental conditions are likely to be harshest for backyard poultry. In addition, a phylogeographical analysis revealed the regionalization of ND virus strains, their potential to evolve towards a higher pathogenicity from the local viral pool and suggests a risk for vaccine strains to provide new wild strains. These results present for the first time a continent-wide approach to ND epidemiology in Africa. More emphasis is needed for ND management and control in rural African poultry production systems.
Genetic characterization of Taiwan commercial native chickens ascertained by microsatellite markers
09 June 2014
Stellenbosch University

Pham, M.H.;Chang, W.H.;Berthouly-Salazar, C.;Lin, D.Y.;Yungrahang, S.;Wang, C.C.;Lee, Y.P.;Tixier-Boichard, M.;Chen, C.F.

Taiwan commercial native chickens have played a vital role in the domestic market due to Taiwanese traditional cooking style and culture. This study investigated the genetic characterization and population structure of 10 Taiwan commercial native chicken populations, together with two exotic breeds and one population of red jungle fowl, using 22 microsatellites. The results showed that Taiwan commercial native chickens generally harbored high genetic diversity but lower than that of red jungle fowl population in terms of number of alleles and gene diversity. The neighbor-joining tree revealed a poor resolution with only two branches showing bootstrap values above 70%. Based on Bayesian clustering approach, thirteen populations were inferred into eight distinct clusters namely Game bird, B strain, L2 strain,White Broiler and White Leghorn with an average proportion of membership higher than 0.90 and the values higher than 0.85 for red jungle fowl, Hakka chicken and Hakka strain while four remaining breeds were closely related together. The population structure showed Taiwan commercial native chickens are more admixed, in contrast to occidental highly productive breeds. The high genetic variation within breed as shown in the results of the analysis of molecular variance, facilitated by gene exchanges, did not allow discriminating in an efficient way. This suggests that the genetic pool of Taiwan commercial native chickens is well distributed among breeds and therefore there is a good potential for adaptation to new environmental conditions or markets. Some populations, namely L2 strain and B strain showed very high inbreeding coefficient and thus could be considered at risks. Therefore, management needs to be taken into account for the populations, to prevent inbreeding depression and maintain genetic diversity.
Recent experience-driven behaviour optimizes foraging
18 August 2014
Stellenbosch University

Zhang, F.;Hui, C.

Owing to the trade-off between time for searching for and exploiting resources, choosing a profitable food resource is key for an animal’s survival and reproductive success. Although the optimal diet model (ODM) from optimal foraging theory (OFT) has demonstrated this point successfully by modelling the global maximization of energy intake rate for foraging, the behavioural mechanisms by which animals achieve optimization, especially when facing a novel environment, have yet to be understood. Here we propose a recent experience-driven (RED) decision-making rule of foraging that relies only on short-term memory of recent feeding experience and hunger aversion. This contrasts with the ODM, which assumes both global information access to the forager and its apparent ability to reach optimal choices. Despite relying only on limited past experience and hunger aversion, this behavioural rule not only accounts for nearly the same energy intake rate as predicted by the ODM but also can flexibly respond to changing environments by rapidly reaching new optimization. The RED behaviour also predicts a more realistic partial preference for diet choice, contrasting with the zero-one rule of OFT which allows for no partial preference within the forager’s diet. The partial preference simply emerges from the RED strategy, as opposed to decision-making errors imposed from behavioural and physiological constraints. The RED rule further elucidates three potential traits that natural selection can act upon for optimizing foraging: (1) short-term memory of recent feeding experience, (2) ability to recognize encountered resources, and (3) basic neural set-up for alternative responses to environmental cues. This simple and flexible RED rule thus provides a behavioural mechanism for optimal foraging, and can be further applied to decision making theory in psychology and economics.
New pasture plants intensify invasive species risk
14 April 2015
Stellenbosch University

Driscoll, D.A.;Catford, J.A.;Barney, J.N.;Hulme, P.E.;Inderjit;Martin, T.G.;Pauchard, A.;Pysek, P.;Richardson, D.M.;Riley, S.;Visser, V.

Agricultural intensification is critical to meet global food demand, but intensification threatens native species and degrades ecosystems. Sustainable intensification (SI) is heralded as a new approach for enabling growth in agriculture while minimizing environmental impacts. However, the SI literature has overlooked a major environmental risk. Using data from eight countries on six continents, we show that few governments regulate conventionally bred pasture taxa to limit threats to natural areas, even though most agribusinesses promote taxa with substantial weed risk. New pasture taxa (including species, subspecies, varieties, cultivars, and plant-endophyte combinations) are bred with characteristics typical of invasive species and environmental weeds. By introducing novel genetic and endophyte variation, pasture taxa are imbued with additional capacity for invasion and environmental impact. New strategies to prevent future problems are urgently needed. We highlight opportunities for researchers, agribusiness, and consumers to reduce environmental risks associated with new pasture taxa. We also emphasize four main approaches that governments could consider as they build new policies to limit weed risks, including (i) national lists of taxa that are prohibited based on environmental risk; (ii) a weed risk assessment for all new taxa; (iii) a program to rapidly detect and control new taxa that invade natural areas; and (iv) the polluter-pays principle, so that if a taxon becomes an environmental weed, industry pays for its management. There is mounting pressure to increase livestock production. With foresight and planning, growth in agriculture can be achieved sustainably provided that the scope of SI expands to encompass environmental weed risks.
Habitat heterogeneity stabilizes the spatial and temporal interactions between cereal aphids and parasitic wasps
06 October 2015
Stellenbosch University

Zhao, Z.H.;Hui, C.;Li, Z.H.;Li, B.L.

Although it is widely recognized that landscape heterogeneity (LH) can enhance the activity of natural enemies, little is known about the effect of LH on the spatial and temporal stability of pests and their natural enemies. Here, we designed a gradient of LH in agro-ecosystems and examined experimentally the relationship between LH and the spatial and temporal stability of cereal aphids and their parasitic wasps from 2009 to 2012. Stability was measured by the reciprocal of the spatial and temporal coefficients of variation of the population density. Results showed that LH can significantly homogenize the distribution of cereal aphids and their parasitic wasps, thus enhancing the spatial stability of the system. Increasing LH further dampened the fluctuation of the populations of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids, thus enhancing the temporal stability of the system. The stability of parasitism and hyperparasitism was also improved with the increase of LH, with the hyperparasitism being more sensitive to the heterogeneity change. Consequently, integrated pest management in agro-ecosystems could be better studied from a multi-trophic food-web perspective.
Genetic analysis along an invasion pathway reveals endemic cryptic taxa, but a single species with little population structure in the introduced range
22 February 2016
Stellenbosch University

Hill, M.P.;Hoffmann, A.A.;Umina, P.A.;Cheng, X.;Miller, A.D.

Aim The invasion pathways of pest arthropods can be traced using genetic tools to develop an understanding of the processes that have shaped successful invasions and to inform both pest management and conservation strategies in their non-native and native ranges, respectively. The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, is a major economic pest in Australia, successfully establishing and spreading after arrival from South Africa more than 100 years ago. Halotydeus destructor has recently expanded its range and evolved resistance to numerous pesticides in Australia, raising questions around its origin and spread. Location South Africa and Australia. Methods We sampled H. destructor populations in South Africa and Australia and developed a microsatellite marker library. We then examined genetic variation using mtDNA and microsatellite markers across both native and invasive ranges to determine endemic genetic diversity within South Africa, identify the likely origin of invasive populations and test genetic divergence across Australia. Results The data show that H. destructor comprises a cryptic species complex in South Africa, with putative climatic/host plant associations that may correspond to regional variation. A lineage similar to that found near Cape Town has spread throughout Western and eastern Australia, where populations remain genetically similar. Main conclusions Tracing the invasion pathway of this economically important pest revealed cryptic lineages in South Africa which points to the need for a taxonomic revision. The absence of significant genetic structure across the wide invasive range of H. destructor within Australia has implications for the development (and spread) of pesticide resistance and also points to recent local adaptation in physiological traits.
Co-introduction vs ecological fitting as pathways to the establishment of effective mutualisms during biological invasions
29 September 2017
Stellenbosch University

Le Roux, J.J.;Hui, C.;Keet, J.-H.;Ellis, A.G.

Interactions between non-native plants and their mutualists are often disrupted upon introduction to new environments. Using legume–rhizobium mutualistic interactions as an example, we discuss two pathways that can influence symbiotic associations in such situations: co-introduction of coevolved rhizobia; and utilization of, and adaptation to, resident rhizobia, hereafter referred to as ‘ecological fitting’. Co-introduction and ecological fitting have distinct implications for successful legume invasions and their impacts. Under ecological fitting, initial impacts may be less severe and will accrue over longer periods as novel symbiotic associations and/or adaptations may require fine-tuning over time. Co-introduction will have more profound impacts that will accrue more rapidly as a result of positive feedbacks between densities of non-native rhizobia and their coevolved host plants, in turn enhancing competition between native and non-native rhizobia. Co-introduction can further impact invasion outcomes by the exchange of genetic material between native and non-native rhizobia, potentially resulting in decreased fitness of native legumes. A better understanding of the roles of these two pathways in the invasion dynamics of non-native legumes is much needed, and we highlight some of the exciting research avenues it presents.
Are private and social goals aligned in pasture-based dairy production?
06 March 2018
Stellenbosch University

Galloway, C.;Conradie, B.;Prozesky, H.;Esler, K.

To become more sustainable, dairy farms should aim to maximise productivity at a minimum cost to the environment. Standard environmental impact measures were combined with non-parametric total factor productivity analysis to investigate if this is possible in a pasture-based production system. Stocking density and energy-corrected milk production per hectare correlated with overall farm efficiency. More effective use of concentrates and farm-produced hay make these operations more productive and at the same time lower their carbon footprint and make them more nutrient-use efficient. Therefore the pursuit of greater sustainability is well aligned with the objective of profit maximization in this relatively clean form of dairy production.
Achieving the national development agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) through investment in ecological infrastructure: A case study of South Africa
04 April 2018
Stellenbosch University

Cumming, T.L.;Shackleton, R.T.;Forster, J.;Dini, J.;Khan, A.;Gumula, M.;Kubiszewski, I.

Ecological infrastructure (EI) refers to ecosystems that deliver services to society, functioning as a nature-based equivalent of, or complement to, built infrastructure. EI is critical for socio-economic development, supporting a suite of development imperatives at local, national and international scales. This paper presents the myriad of ways that EI supports sustainable development, using South Africa and the South African National Development Plan as a case study, linking to the Sustainable Development Goals on a global level. We show the need for EI across numerous development and sustainability issues, including food security, water provision, and poverty alleviation. A strategic and multi-sectoral approach to EI investment is essential for allocating scarce public and private resources for achieving economic and social-ecological priorities. Opportunities to unlock investment in EI, both internationally and on the national level, are identified. This includes leveraging private sector investment into landscape management and integrating the costs of managing EI into public sectors that benefit directly from ecosystem services, such as the water sector and infrastructure development. Additionally, investing in EI also aligns well with international development and climate change funds. Investment in EI from a range of innovative sources supports global and national development, while complementing other development investments.
Size, shape and maintenance matter: A critical appraisal of a global carnivore conflict mitigation strategy - Livestock protection kraals in northern Botswana
17 September 2018
Stellenbosch University

Weise, F.J.;Hayward, M.W.;Aguirre, R.C.;Tomeletso, M.;Gadimang, P.;Somers, M.J.;Stein, A.B.

Fortified kraals are predator-proof enclosures designed to protect livestock at night. Globally, they show great promise in reducing depredation by carnivores, thus promoting co-existence with people. Their efficacy depends on effectiveness, durability, regular use, owner satisfaction, cost-efficiency, and design. We monitored 32 fortified kraals for 18 months in a high conflict area in northern Botswana (n=427 kraal months) where lions (Panthera leo) frequently kill cattle. Monthly kraal use was 60% and was significantly influenced by kraal type, age, and shape. When used and maintained, kraals stopped livestock depredation. Due to poor maintenance, however, kraal age had a significant, negative influence on kraal use and effectiveness, compromising sustainability and cost-effectiveness. Fortified kraals built by a non-governmental organisation cost US$1322.36 per unit (n=20) and mitigated a mean annual loss of $187.32. This suggests cost-recuperation after 7.0 years, or 2.3 times longer than observed kraal lifetime. Conversely, owner-built replicates cost $579.90 per unit (n=4), recuperating investment after 3.1 years. Owner satisfaction was significantly higher for fortified kraals when compared with traditional kraals. However, owners of fortified kraals did not kraal their cattle more frequently than owners of traditional kraals. Regionally, the mean annual kraaling rate for 29 GPS-monitored cattle herds (n=3360 nights) was 40%, leaving cattle vulnerable to depredation, and highlighting the importance of promoting vigilant herding together with kraaling to prevent losses. This combination could reduce regional livestock losses by 80%, or>$38,000 annually, however, kraal fortification alone does not provide a blanket solution to carnivore conflicts in Africa's agro-pastoral landscapes.
Behavioral thermoregulation is highly repeatable and unaffected by digestive status in Agama atra
18 September 2018
Stellenbosch University

van Berkel, J.;Clusella-Trulla, S.

The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms. Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature (Tset) and its usefulness as a proxy for optimal physiological temperature (Topt) are still debated. Although Tset is often conserved among closely related species, substantial variation at the individual, population and species level has also been reported. However, the repeatability (calculated as the intra-class correlation coefficient) of Tset is generally low. One factor that influences Tset is feeding status, with fed reptiles typically showing higher Tset, a process thought to aid meal digestion. Here, using experiments simulating realistic feeding and fasting regimes in Agama atra, a heliothermic lizard from southern Africa, we test if Tset and its repeatability under these 2 states significantly differ. Daily Tset ranged from 33.7 to 38.4 °C, with a mean (± SE) of 36.7 ± 0.1 °C for fed and 36.6 ± 0.1 °C for unfed individuals. Comparisons of repeatability showed that females tend to be more consistent in the selection of body temperature than males, but not significantly so regardless of feeding status. We report some of the highest repeatability estimates of Tset to date (full range: 0.229–0.642), and that the weak positive effects of feeding status on Tset did not increase its repeatability. In conclusion, one of the major prerequisites for natural selection, consistent among-individual variation, is present, making the adaptive significance of Tset considerably more plausible.
Opportunities to improve sustainability on commercial pasture-based dairy farms by assessing environmental impact
25 October 2018
Stellenbosch University

Galloway, C.;Conradie, B.;Prozesky, H.;Esler, K.J.

For pasture-based dairy farming to become more sustainable, the negative environmental impacts associated with milk production must be minimized. These negative impacts include eutrophication, ammonia emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Two tools, a nutrient budget and a carbon footprint calculator, allow farm-level assessments of these negative impacts. In this study, a nutrient budget was used to calculate the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorous use, and a carbon footprint calculator was used to calculate GHG emissions. Farm system descriptors were used to identify the farm systems that had the lowest environmental impact. Soil carbon was measured as an indicator of soil health, and the link between soil health, nutrient use efficiency and GHG emissions was examined. Nitrogen and phosphorous were not efficiently utilized on the farms included in this study, with a large excess of nutrients imported onto the farms each year. The average use efficiency was 29% for nitrogen, and 36% for phosphorous. The GHG emissions per liter of milk production were higher on the farms included in this study than found in previous studies on dairy farms, with an average of 1.39 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents emitted per kilogram of energy-corrected milk. Farm systems which optimized milk production on the available land, while applying the least amount of fertilizer and feeding the least amount of purchased feeds per milk produced, had the lowest environmental impact. Farms with higher soil carbon levels had higher nitrogen use efficiencies and lower GHG emissions. This is the first South African research to examine environmental impact on pasture-based dairy farms in this manner. It is possible for pasture-based dairy farmers to reduce the environmental impact of milk production by adopting some of the principles identified in this study.
Can wetland plant functional groups be spectrally discriminated?
24 January 2019
Stellenbosch University

Rebelo, A.J.;Somers, B.;Esler, K.J.;Meire, P.

Plant functional traits (PFTs) underpin ecosystem processes and therefore ecosystem service provision. If PFTs are possible to detect and discriminate spectrally, then it may be possible to use remote sensing applications to map ecosystem processes or services within and across landscapes. As a first step towards this application, we explored whether functional groups of 22 dominant South African wetland species were spectrally separable based on their PFTs. We measured 23 biochemical and morphological PFTs in combination with spectra from 350 to 2349 nm using a handheld radiometer. First, we evaluated the possibility of accurately predicting morphological and biochemical PFTs from reflectance spectra using three approaches: spectrum averaging, redundancy analysis (RDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Second, we established whether functional groups and species were spectrally distinguishable. We found seven PFTs to be important in at least two of the three approaches: four morphological and three biochemicals. Morphological traits that were important were leaf area (PLSR: r2=0.40, regression: r2=0.41), specific leaf area (r2=0.67), leaf mass (r2=0.43, r2=0.38), and leaf length/width ratio (r2=0.62). Biochemical traits that play a role in the structural composition of vegetation, like lignin content (r2=0.98, r2=0.54), concentration (r2=0.45) and cellulose content (r2=0.57, r2=0.49), were found to be important by at least two of the analyses. Three other traits were important in at least one of the analyses: total biomass (r2=0.56), leaf C/N ratio (r2=0.99), and cellulose concentration (r2=0.76). Redundancy analysis suggests that there is a large percentage (52%) of the spectrum not explained by the PFTs measured in this study. However, spectral discrimination of functional groups, and even species, appears promising, mostly in the ultraviolet A part of the spectrum. This has interesting applications for mapping PFTs using remote sensing techniques, and therefore for estimating related ecosystem processes and services.
Lions at the gates: trans-disciplinary design of an early warning system to improve human-lion coexistence
14 February 2020
Stellenbosch University

Weise, F.J.;Hauptmeier, H.;Stratford, K.J.;Hayward, M.W.;Aal, K.;Heuer, M.;Tomeletso, M.;Wulf, V.;Somers, M.J.;Stein, A.B.

Across Africa, lions (Panthera leo) are heavily persecuted in anthropogenic landscapes. Trans-disciplinary research and virtual boundaries (geofences) programmed into GPS-tracking transmitters offer new opportunities to improve coexistence. During a 24-month pilot study (2016–2018), we alerted communities about approaching lions, issuing 1,017 alerts to four villages and 19 cattle posts. Alerts reflected geofence breaches of nine lions (2,941 monitoring days) moving between Botswana's Okavango Delta and adjacent agro-pastoral communities. Daily alert system costs per lion were US$18.54, or $5,460.24 per GPS deployment (n = 13). Alert-responsive livestock owners mainly responded by night-kraaling of cattle (68.9%), significantly reducing their losses (by $124.61 annually), whereas losses of control group and non-responsive livestock owners remained high ($317.93 annually). Community satisfaction with alerts (91.8%) was higher than for compensation of losses (24.3%). Study lions spent 26.3% of time monitored in geofenced community areas, but accounted for 31.0% of conflict. Manual alert distribution proved challenging, static geofences did not appropriately reflect human safety or the environment's strong seasonality that influenced cattle predation risk, and tracking units with on-board alert functions often failed or under-recorded geofence breaches by 27.9%. These insufficiencies prompted the design of a versatile and autonomous lion alert platform with automated, dynamic geofencing. We co-designed this prototype platform with community input, thereby incorporating user feedback. We outline a flexible approach that recognizes conflict complexity and user community heterogeneity. Here, we describe the evolution of an innovative Information and Communication Technologies-based (ICT) alert system that enables instant data processing and community participation through interactive interfaces on different devices. We highlight the importance of a trans-disciplinary co-design and development process focussing on community engagement while synthesizing expertise from ethnography, ecology, and socio-informatics. We discuss the bio-geographic, social, and technological variables that influence alert system efficacy and outline opportunities for wider application in promoting coexistence and conservation.
Investigating the effects of management practice on mammalian co-occurrence along the West Coast of South Africa
03 March 2020
Stellenbosch University

Winterton, D.J.;van Wilgen, N.J.;Venter, J.A.

The subtle and cascading effects (e.g., altered interspecific interactions) that anthropogenic stressors have on local ecological assemblages often go unnoticed but are concerning given their importance in ecosystem function. For example, elimination of buffalo from the Serengeti National Park is suggested to have driven increased abundance of smaller antelope as a result of release from competition. The perceived low abundance of small antelope in the contractual Postberg section of the West Coast National Park (the park) has been an ongoing management concern which has been anecdotally attributed to predation by a mesopredator (the caracal, Caracal caracal). However, we hypothesized that the historical overstocking, and consequent overgrazing by larger-bodied managed ungulates would influence small antelope abundance. Using camera traps, we investigated species co-occurrence and temporal activity between small antelope, managed ungulates and caracals in Postberg as well as another part of the park (Langebaan) and a farm outside of the park. Results suggest that small antelope and managed ungulates have a high degree of temporal overlap (Delta = 0.74, 0.79 and 0.86 for the farm, Langebaan and Postberg respectively), while temporal partitioning between small antelope and caracal is apparent (Delta = 0.59). Further, small antelope and managed ungulates appear to occur independently of one another (SIF = 0.91-1 across areas). Managed ungulates were detected almost three times more frequently on fallow lands when compared to the more vegetated sites within the park suggesting that segregated food/cover resources allow for independent occurrence. Small antelope had a much higher probability of occurrence outside of the protected area (e.g., psi = 0.192 and 0.486 for steenbok at Postberg, Langebaan compared to 0.841 on the farm), likely due to less variable (more intact) habitat outside of the protected area. There is not sufficient evidence to currently warrant management intervention for predators. The small size of the protected area provides limited scope for spatial replication thus reducing possibilities to infer the cause and effect for complex interactions (which would historically have taken place over much larger areas) with negative implications for adaptive management. We recommend continued monitoring over multiple seasons and a wider area to determine the spatial information requirements to inform management of small protected areas.
Socioeconomic inequalities in food insecurity and malnutrition among under-five children: within and between-group inequalities in Zimbabwe
04 September 2020
Stellenbosch University

Lukwa, A.T.;Siya, A.;Zablon, K.N.;Azam, J.M.;Alaba, O.A.

Background Food insecurity and malnutrition in children are pervasive public health concerns in Zimbabwe. Previous studies only identified determinants of food insecurity and malnutrition with very little efforts done in assessing related inequalities and decomposing the inequalities across household characteristics in Zimbabwe. This study explored socioeconomic inequalities trend in child health using regression decomposition approach to compare within and between group inequalities. Methods The study used Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data sets of 2010\11 and 2015. Food insecurity in under-five children was determined based on the WHO dietary diversity score. Minimum dietary diversity was defined by a cut- off point of > 4 therefore, children with at least 3 of the 13 food groups were defined as food insecure. Malnutrition was assessed using weight for age (both acute and chronic under-nutrition) Z-scores. Children whose weight-for-age Z-score below minus two standard deviations (- 2 SD) from the median were considered malnourished. Concentration curves and indices were computed to understand if malnutrition was dominant among the poor or rich. The study used the Theil index and decomposed the index by population subgroups (place of residence and socioeconomic status). Results Over the study period, malnutrition prevalence increased by 1.03 percentage points, while food insecurity prevalence decreased by 4.35 percentage points. Prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity increased among poor rural children. Theil indices for nutrition status showed socioeconomic inequality gaps to have widened, while food security status socioeconomic inequality gaps contracted for the period under review. Conclusion The study concluded that unequal distribution of household wealth and residence status play critical roles in driving socioeconomic inequalities in child food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, child food insecurity and malnutrition are greatly influenced by where a child lives (rural/urban) and parental wealth.
Validation of a roadmap for mainstreaming nutrition-sensitive interventions at state level in Nigeria
12 October 2020
Stellenbosch University

Ezekannagha, Oluchi;Drimie, Scott;von Fintel, Dieter;Maziya-Dixon, Busie;Mbhenyane, Xikombiso

Abstract Background National programs are often developed with little consideration to the sub-national local factors that might affect program success. These factors include political support, capacity for implementation of program and variation in malnutrition indices being tackled. State context factors are evident in the distribution of malnutrition (e.g. high prevalence or gap among Local Government Areas), in the implementation of nutrition-sensitive interventions (e.g. access to early childhood education) and in the political economic context (e.g. presence of external funding agencies). Context is shaped by the economy, population, religion, and poverty, which impact everyday lives. Considering these contexts, a roadmap was developed and validated. The aim of this paper is to report expert review and stakeholder validation to determine feasibility of the developed contextualised roadmap for two Nigerian states. Methods A validation tool was developed and reviewed using three experts. The content review occurred in two rounds to obtain recommendation and revisions of the developed roadmap and the validation tool. A pilot test of the roadmap and validation tool was done using two stakeholders in South Africa. The roadmap and the validation tool were then sent to the stakeholders and potential end-users in Nigeria using electronic media. Two research assistants were also engaged to deliver and collect hard copies to those who preferred it. Results Of the ten stakeholders invited, nine responded. All participants showed an adequate understanding of the roadmap as evidenced by the scores given. Responses regarding the translation of the roadmap to implementation varied. The majority (86,6%) either strongly agreed or agreed that the actions were translatable (43.0 and 43.6% respectively). Conclusions The final roadmap comprises of actions that are appropriate for the state’s context. It is recommended that stakeholders or end-users of any programme must be involved in the validation of such contextual programmes to improve chances of success.
Using faecal glucocorticoid metabolite analyses to elucidate stressors of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus from South Africa
04 February 2021
Stellenbosch University

Crossey, B.;Chimimba, C.;du Plessis, C.;Hall, G.;Ganswindt, A.

There are few stressful factors which have been investigated to affect adrenocortical function in the African wild dog (AWD) Lycaon pictus. Understanding what animals perceive as stressors is important for not only the implementation of management practices promoting general animal welfare in captivity, but also because a prolonged stress perception is known to disrupt reproduction, immune function and ultimately pose a threat to survival. In this regard, faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) measurements are commonly used as a non-invasive approach to assess the impact of factors which may be acting as perceived stressors in wildlife. This study was aimed at determining if there are significant differences in AWD fGCM concentrations as a result of sex, presence of absence of an injury, age-class, body condition, dietary provisioning (through stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope analysis), hierarchal status, and setting (i.e. captive or free-ranging). A total of 47 faecal samples were collected immediately post-defaecation from 39 AWDs across four free-ranging sites (Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, Madikwe Game Reserve, Kruger National Park and the Waterberg), two permanently captive sites (Johannesburg and Pretoria Zoo), and four temporary captive holding facilities (Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre and Maremani, Tembe and Zimanga bomas) in South Africa. Captive AWDs had distinctively higher fGCM levels than their free-ranging counterparts, regardless of sex, body condition, hierarchal status, age-class or dietary provisioning. The present study is the first to assess physiological stress responses across permanently captive, temporarily captive and free-ranging AWDs within the South African managed metapopulation, while incorporating the use of stable isotope analysis to quantify differences in dietary isotopic profiles between these different settings. Ultimately this demonstrates the usefulness of fGCM analysis as a tool for assessing animal welfare in both captive and free-ranging AWDs, and underpins the importance of understanding factors perceived as stressors for the management of the species. Keywords: animal welfare, body condition scoring, faecal glucocorticoid metabolite monitoring, managed metapopulation, stress, wildlife management.
Towards the validation of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for routine plant virus diagnostics: measurement of variation linked to HTS detection of citrus viruses and viroids
29 April 2021
Stellenbosch University

Bester, Rachelle;Cook, Glynnis;Breytenbach, Johannes H J;Steyn, Chanel;De Bruyn, Rochelle;Maree, Hans J

Abstract Background High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been applied successfully for virus and viroid discovery in many agricultural crops leading to the current drive to apply this technology in routine pathogen detection. The validation of HTS-based pathogen detection is therefore paramount. Methods Plant infections were established by graft inoculating a suite of viruses and viroids from established sources for further study. Four plants (one healthy plant and three infected) were sampled in triplicate and total RNA was extracted using two different methods (CTAB extraction protocol and the Zymo Research Quick-RNA Plant Miniprep Kit) and sent for Illumina HTS. One replicate sample of each plant for each RNA extraction method was also sent for HTS on an Ion Torrent platform. The data were evaluated for biological and technical variation focussing on RNA extraction method, platform used and bioinformatic analysis. Results The study evaluated the influence of different HTS protocols on the sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of HTS as a detection tool. Both extraction methods and sequencing platforms resulted in significant differences between the data sets. Using a de novo assembly approach, complemented with read mapping, the Illumina data allowed a greater proportion of the expected pathogen scaffolds to be inferred, and an accurate virome profile was constructed. The complete virome profile was also constructed using the Ion Torrent data but analyses showed that more sequencing depth is required to be comparative to the Illumina protocol and produce consistent results. The CTAB extraction protocol lowered the proportion of viroid sequences recovered with HTS, and the Zymo Research kit resulted in more variation in the read counts obtained per pathogen sequence. The expression profiles of reference genes were also investigated to assess the suitability of these genes as internal controls to allow for the comparison between samples across different protocols. Conclusions This study highlights the need to measure the level of variation that can arise from the different variables of an HTS protocol, from sample preparation to data analysis. HTS is more comprehensive than any assay previously used, but with the necessary validations and standard operating procedures, the implementation of HTS as part of routine pathogen screening practices is possible.
The duty to effect an appropriate mode of payment to minor pension beneficiaries under scrutiny in death claims
11 August 2009
North West University

Mhango, M;Dyani, Ntombizozuko

This note focuses on the payment into a trust arrangement in favour of a minor beneficiary as contemplated in terms of section 37C (2) of the Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956. The aim is to examine the criteria under which the boards of management of pension funds may deprive a guardian the right to administer benefits on behalf of minor beneficiaries. This examination is conducted within the context of the approach adopted by the Pension Funds Adjudicator in four specific determinations decided prior, but relevant, to the amendments to the Pension Funds Act, where the board in each case unlawfully deprived a guardian of the right to administer death benefits in favour of a minor beneficiary. Therefore, the note will discuss four specific determinations and thereafter comment about the criteria to be used by practitioners. The note argues that these determinations should be welcomed because of their progressive interpretation of the Pension Funds Act and for setting an important precedent for pension fund practitioners and boards. In each case, the Pension Funds Adjudicator found a violation of section 37C. The note also criticises the remedy granted in two of the determinations, namely Moralo v Holcim South African Provident Fund, and Mafe v Barloworld (SA) Retirement Fund Respondent, and argues that the Pension Funds Adjudicator’s ruling on these matters was arbitrary and capricious because it disregarded its own precedent in Lebepe v Premier Foods Provident Fund & Others. We therefore submit that the Pension Funds Adjudicator should have ordered the boards in Moralo v Holcim South African Provident Fund, and Mafe v Barloworld (SA) Retirement Fund Respondent to pay all of the benefits directly to the complainants and guardians in those determinations.
Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa’s most famous icons
07 January 2011
North West University

Dick-Read, Robert

In the author’s opinion there have been three far-reaching gaps in the study of Africa’s history: 1) Indonesian involvement in East and Central Africa; 2) Links between Madagascar and Eastern and South/Central Africa; and 3) Extension of Indonesian interest to West Africa, particularly Nigeria. He contends that Indonesians (the term applies to ‘Insular Southeast Asians’) may have begun regular trading to Africa when Greek and Roman demand for oriental spices developed several centuries BCE. The East African ‘Zanj’ were, in his view, an Afro/Indonesian race linked with the people of ‘Zabag’ - Sumatra and Java – later with Srivijaya in particular, whose interest in the gold, copper, iron and other products of Africa were extensive. Madagascar was only ever of secondary importance to Indonesians compared with mineral-rich Africa. But for centuries the Austronesian-speaking, Afro-Indonesian people of Madagascar maintained regular contact with the mainland giving rise to mixed societies, particularly in the Mozambique-Zimbabwe region. He believes the ancient Zimbabwe culture was in several ways linked with that of Madagascar, and that the vast ruin area of Nyanga was also connected. These cross-channel associations were gradually eclipsed by the domination of Arab-Shirazi colonisation down the East African Coast. There is a wealth of evidence that Indonesians rounded the Cape and sailed to West Africa. Several elements of Nigerian culture generally attributed to East-West overland movements or trans-Saharan Arab traders, are more likely to have reached the lower Niger regions by sea from Indonesia. Among these was the technology enabling the iconic ‘bronze’ artwork for which Nigeria is famous.
The Gowe Irrigation co-operative society and its role in Sanyati (Zimbabwe), 1967-1969
11 January 2011
North West University

Nyandoro, M

The paper focuses on the origins and development of agricultural co-operative societies in Zimbabwe since 1954 with particular reference to Gowe-Sanyati and evaluates their role in facilitating the channelling of production inputs to farmers and the marketing of their produce. It examines the criteria for eligibility to membership of such associations, namely who could belong and who could not, as well as their administrative structures and practices. In addition, the paper evaluates the societies’ impact on their members, on African development and on the national economy. In 1954 the Government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) began investigations on the need for co-operative societies (co-ops) in order to promote African development through facilitating the acquisition of production inputs and the marketing of agricultural products. In 1956, the first co-operative society was established, while the main focus of this paper’s interest, the Gowe Irrigation Co-operative Society of Sanyati in the northwestern part of the country, was established in 1967. Established by a government agency known as the Tribal Trust Land Development Corporation (TILCOR), now the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA), the co-operative society flourished and became a model for the distribution of agricultural inputs and credit to African farmers. It collapsed in 1969 due to a number of factors, among them poor management and corruption.
Some southern African entry points into global history
19 January 2011
North West University

Parsons, N

So-called Global History has taken off in the Unites States to liberate undergraduates from Big Power parochialism, and has been the topic of a major conference held in London in May this year. The key element of Global Studies is to demonstrate the connectedness between different peoples and lands and periods of time. This paper is an attempt to crack the small-end of the egg by starting studies in one familiar region of the world, rather than the big-end approach of starting with general explanations or theory and then relating them back to particulars. It suggests three ways in which Southern Africa could be used as the starting point to throw more general light upon the world’s history. First, by taking cues from and asking questions about the latest genetic research which suggests that modern human population dispersal about 60 000 years ago began in Angola-Namibia frontier region. Second, by taking cues and asking questions about Indonesian contact with Africa and coastal settlement that may account for significant influences on southern African societies. Third, by tracing the biographies of real individuals whose careers encompass not only southern Africa but other parts of the world and in doing so demonstrate not only interconnectedness of cultural, social, political and economic histories but also significant points of comparison in the experience of global trends and events.
Jordan v Farber (1352/90) [2009] ZANCHC 81 (15/12/2009)
31 March 2011
North West University

Barnard, J;Nagel, C

This case note deals with several aspects of the law of contract, such as public policy and validity, error, cancellation, repudiation, undue influence and damages. It concerns the case of an elderly couple who had to stop their farming operations because of ill health. The attorney whom they approached for assistance offered to lease the farm, equipment and animals from them in his personal capacity, although in his professional capacity he also drafted the contracts of lease. It later transpired that the attorney used his position to mislead the couple as regards the contracts in question and that he was guilty of unethical and unprofessional conduct. The couple applied to court to have the leases declared void, alternatively cancelled, and to have the attorney evicted from the farm. The order was granted; however, the discussion seeks to demonstrate that the couple were afforded only minimal justice in that they did not claim, nor were they granted, any damages. The various possibilities open to them in the circumstances are examined and the conclusion is that ventilating the matter by way of application was probably not the best manner in which to have sought assistance.
Tharfield - the story of an Eastern Cape farm and its inhabitants (1822 - 1977)
10 January 2012
North West University

Thorpe, C

• Opsomming: Die verhaal van die plaas Tharfield is ineengevleg met die geskiedenis van die families Bowker en Webb. As een van die mooiste en mees ongeskonde plase in Setlaarstreek is dit meer as net ŉ skatkamer van die Setlaargeskiedenis: die habitatverskeidenheid wat dit vir voël- en dierelewe bied, maak dit van belang vir die natuurbewaarder en die ekoloog, terwyl ŉ studie van die boerderymetodes wat toegepas is vandat die plaas in 1822 aan die eerste eienaar toegeken is, vir die landboukundige van groot betekenis kan wees. Tharfield was vir meer as 'n eeu in die Bowkers se besit toe dit in 1925 die eiendom van Thomas Webb geword het. Vandat die huidige eienaar van Tharfie1d die plaas oorgeneem het, het hy hom toegelê op die produksie van slagbeeste. Hy het ook die Webb-tradisie, naamlik die verbetering van die weiding deur die aanplant van smaakliker grassoorte, voortgesit. Terwyl hy die plaas verbeter het, het die eienaar dit in gedagte gehou dat die individuele boer ook 'n bydrae tot natuurbewaring kan maak. Gevolglik is 'n gedeelte van Tharfield in 1973 vir 'n natuurreservaat opsy gesit.
Innovation opportunities in irrigation technology for using virtual water in 21st century South Africa: reflections from the past to the present.
13 January 2012
North West University

Nyandoro, Mark

• Summary: In 21st century South Africa, new and old technological innovations in agriculture can be employed to protect existing and future water supplies that are increasingly becoming vulnerable to encroaching global warming trends. The purpose of this article is to identify irrigation technology, the impact on irrigative farming of a polluted water environment through mining and other baneful industrial activities in the Republic. It also aims to discuss innovation opportunities in irrigation technology for using virtual water – a concept commonly associated with the Middle East. South Africa possesses arguably the most sophisticated engineering technology in irrigation in southern Africa. In this article, reflections on irrigation from the past to the present will be complemented by a historical focus of the context in which this farming enterprise evolved. A brief historical synopsis of irrigation shows that this activity which became more technologically advanced in the colonial and post-independence eras was also practiced in the pre-colonial period for food security and as an insurance against drought. Irrigation was practised in South Africa before and after the colonisation of the Cape by the Dutch in 1652. Irrigation technology in the seventeenth century tended to lack the sophistication and modernisation of the contemporary world. Innovative improvements became imperative as the state increasingly became more involved in agriculture from the 1920s and 1930s largely as part of a process leading to the evolution of settler irrigation policy which was premised on capital accumulation and the deprivation of Africans of land ownership rights. This policy orientation clearly changed from the advent of independence to the 21st century in favour of a policy that aimed at economically empowering the Black smallholder sector farmers without necessarily neglecting the largescale commercial producers. Irrigation farming is not a novel phenomenon to the region. Since the turn of the new millennium, technological innovation has been prioritised because South Africa is situated in a predominantly hot arid zone of the sub-region. Total evaporation creates endemic water shortages. It is therefore imperative that water resources are well managed in a country which thrives largely on mining, industrial and agricultural pursuits. Due to South Africa’s geophysical location in one of the world’s arid terrains, irrigation has been identified as an essential corollary to dry land farming and other economic endeavours. Nevertheless, in spite of advances that have been made in centre-pivot manufacturing, South Africa has generally tended to ignore cheaper irrigation methodologies such as the drip, terracing and flood systems which seem more suitable and appropriate in arid conditions. It has also ignored the fact that using large volumes of both riparian and imported water from Lesotho to irrigate a crop like maize in the Eastern Free State Province, for example, is not only unviable but it is also unsustainable. A major rethink of how food supply can be boosted on the basis of irrigated agriculture, utilising more advanced and peculiarly suitable technology in hot and arid or water deficient areas is vital. This is more so because industrial demand for water – a large quantity of which is expensively procured or transferred from Lesotho through the Vaal River system - is in direct competition with the demand for water to produce surplus food under irrigation. Most industrial and farming activities in Gauteng, Free State and Mpumalanga provinces, to name a few, are dependent on this water which is under threat of depletion. Given South Africa’s arid conditions, the adoption of the virtual water concept, following the Saudi Arabian experience, would be a possible conservationist measure. This article also argues that because water is limited, mining and air pollution which eventually ends up in the water should be controlled to ensure safe drinking and irrigation water.
Contradictions of community within local government in the 1950s with reference to municipal beer trading.
19 January 2012
North West University

Atkinson, Doreen

• Opsomming: Hierdie artikel beskryf die etiese dilemmas waarin munisipale amptenare in die 1950s hulleself bevind het, veral rakende die munisipale bierbrouery in die swart woongebiede. Hierdie ervarings illustreer die patriargale verhoudings tussen swart en blanke gemeenskappe, en die paternalistiese politieke denke van hierdie era. Die onderliggende probleem was dat blanke amptenare probeer het om swart inwoners se reg om bier te gebruik binne ’n konteks van inheemse gemeenskapsreg verstaan het, en nie as ’n vorm van moderne, indiwiduele regte nie. Drie hooftemas word hier geanaliseer: bierbrouery as ’n teenvoeter vir probleme van moderniteit en sosiale dissipline; die rol van kulturele verskille wat patriargale sisteme van beheer aangemoedig het; en die morele probleme van winste as gevolg van bierbrouery, in ’n konteks van paternalisme. Die artikel beskryf hoe die munisipale amptenare hulle morele besware uiteindelik oorkom het, in ’n konteks van Verwoerdiaanse voorskrifte op munisipale segregasie en rassedominasie.
The death of trooper Alexander Aberline, F squadron, NSW Imperial Bushmen at Lichtenburg 2 October 1900.
23 January 2012
North West University

Bottomley, John

Much of the history of the Anglo-Boer War is dour and brutal, as is to be expected of a three year struggle which many believed was genocidal in purpose. This war saw so many nationalities fighting against each other, and was at the same time a civil war involving Afrikaner against Afrikaner, and South African English-speakers, as well as many black combatants, fighting and dying on both sides. Yet, there was an emotional dimension to the war, although this level has so often been lost in the 'grand overview'. This paper relates the story of one Australian combatant and his journey towards death in a foreign land. Trooper Aberline's sacrifice was to have an impact on the Boers and his legacy went far beyond his rusting cross in the Lichtenburg cemetery which lies close to that of Edith Mathews who was buried nearby.
Rural revolution - wheat, wool and politics in the Overberg.
10 February 2012
North West University

Wilson, Julie

• Opsomming: Gedurende die negentiende eeu is in die distrikte Swellendam, Caledon en Bredasdorp, gesamentlik bekend as die Overberg, nie daarin geslaag om graan ekonomies te verbou nie. Plase in die streek het vinnig kleiner geword en ekstensiewe veeboerdery was nie meer moontlik nie. Slegs die oorskakeling na wolboerdery tussen ongeveer 1830 en 1840 het grootskaalse verarming onder die boere voorkom die Overberg weer 'n stabiele landboustreek gemaak. Die invloei van nuwe kapitaal het weliswaar nie tot die ontwikkeling van groot kommersiële sentra gelei nie, maar 'n beduidende uitwerking op die politieke bewussyn van die Afrikaners gehad.
Rhodes Fruit Farms: a small beginning in the Paarl valley.
13 February 2012
North West University

Aucamp, Chris

• Opsomming: Rhodes Fruit Farms, geleë in die Groot Drakenstein vallei het in 1897 o.l.v. Harry Pickstone met die finansiële steun van Cecil John Rhodes tot stand gekom. Pickstone het die moontlikhede om sagtevrugte aan die Kaap op groot skaal vir die plaaslike en uitvoermark te verbou ingesien en onder sy leiding is 'n maatskappy gestig, grond aangekoop, en die bedryf op 'n wetenskaplike en winsgewende basis geplaas. Rhodes Fruit Farms het sedert sy nederige begin 'n uiters belangrike bydrae gelewer tot die vooruitgang van die sagtevrugtebedryf in Suid-Afrika.
Formalizing milk production in Johannesburg: the dissolution of white petty milk-producers, 1908 - 1920.
14 February 2012
North West University

Beavon, K S O;Elder, G

• Opsomming: In die vroeë twintigste eeu het Johannesburg sy daaglikse melkvoorraad van 'n verskeidenheid klein 'informele' melkerye asook van 'n paar groot melkerye verkry. Aangespoor deur toenemende belangstelling in hoë gesondheidstandaarde in die algemeen het die munisipaliteit begin om melkproduksie strenger te beheer. Gevolglik was daar 'n toename in die produksiekoste van die groot melkerye wat op hul beurt die amptenare en die klein produsente as 'vyande' beskou het. In die daaropvolgende stryd is 'n aantal munisipale regulasies uitgevaardig wat gelei het tot die sluiting van die klein melkerye omdat hul eienaars nie die bouregulasies kon nakom nie, en nie soseer omdat bulle onhigiëniese melk geproduseer het nie. In teenstelling met die beëindiging van ander kIeinproduksiebedrywe wat die swart produsente die meeste geraak het, was dit hier die blanke produsente wat die ergste getref is.
Natal's Indians, the empire and the South African War, 1899 - 1902.
15 March 2012
North West University

Vayed, Goolam

Most early scholars of the South African War focussed almost entirely on the struggle between Afrikaner nationalism and British imperialism in which the role of Blacks was seen as irrelevant. By focussing on Indians, a little-studied group, this micro-study will contribute to the ongoing process of providing a more complete picture of the war years. It seeks to address why Indians, who were subject to oppression by English-speaking whites, volunteered on the side of Britain, the active and non-combatant roles they played in the war, the losses they suffered and the impact of the Indian role to the overall situation. Indians were clearly divided along class lines and these divisions were perpetuated during the war in terms of the manner in which Indians were recruited, their role in the war and their treatment at the conclusion of the war. Indians supported the British because India was part of the British Empire and they felt that this would give them added leverage in their dealings with the British imperial authorities. The undisguised hostility of the Boer Republics towards them also influenced their decision. Under Gandhi's prodding, Indians contributed financially and also formed an ambulance bearer corps, which served between December 1899 and March 1900 under extremely difficult conditions. A grossly understudied area is the plight of Indian refugees from areas of Indian concentration such as Johannesburg, Pretoria, Newcastle, Ladysmith, Dundee, Colenso and Kimberley. Most refugees sought refuge with friends and family in Natal even though the Natal Government tried to prevent them coming. The invading Boers had no clear policy on what to do with Indians in Northern Natal. In most cases they arrested Indians for several weeks but then released them. Boers also used Indians as cooks and cleaners. Indian traders suffered heavy losses as their shops were looted by the invading Boers as well as by British soldiers and ordinary Indian, white and African civilians. The DTC failed to assist the 4 000 Indian refugees in Durban. Durban's Indians had to feed, clothe and support Indian refugees. While Gandhi and the NIC chose to be loyal instead of exploiting the space created by the war to challenge the Government, their loyalty went unrewarded. The Governments of Natal and Transvaal imposed further anti-Indian legislation and the position of Indians deteriorated in the post-war years as the foundation was laid for a modern South Africa based on white racial supremacy. Indians became part of a South Africa whose destiny was shaped by the war. The shapers of this new South Africa were Boer leaders like Botha and Smuts who remembered all too well that Indians had sided with the British.
Taking stock of land reform in Namibia from 1990 to 2005.
11 June 2012
North West University

Ingle, Mark

The land reform debate in Namibia has been predicated on a number of questionable assumptions and is atypical of the scenarios presented by other SADC countries. The one point of similarity is that the progress of Namibian land reform has been very slow. The evidence suggests that land reform has served as an expedient rhetorical device which the ruling party resorts to as and when it suits its political agenda. It has also served as a means by which high-ranking officials have enriched themselves at the expense of the peasantry. Namibia’s financial commitment to land reform was negligible when considered alongside some of its ruler’s more grandiose personal projects. This article contends that land reform in Namibia has been a minor issue and was always unlikely to compromise the political stability that has led to Namibia’s robust performance as a tourism mecca.
Assessing the past and the present role of the National Nuclear Regulator as a public protector against potential health injuries: the West and Far West Rand as case study.
12 June 2012
North West University

Liefferink, Mariette

Recent national and international news media articles and television programmes, official public domain Government and peer reviewed academic reports drew the international and national public’s attention to the health risks and hazards and impacts pertaining to uraniferous waste from the gold mining industry within the Witwatersrand goldfields and the role of the National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) in this regard. The Dutch research organizations’ Wise and Somo’s recent report, entitled “Uranium from Africa – mitigation of uranium impacts on society and environment by industry and governments” found that that the lack of knowledge within institutions and lack of proper environmental management systems, both in industry and in the government, “render South Africa a poor example of environmental and human health protection….The government is failing.” It is especially the poor, the disempowered and the vulnerable members of mining communities that bear the highest risks and impacts. These communities have low adaptive capacity because of chronic and acute malnutrition and high HIV/Aids percentages. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently estimated that 34% of all childhood illness in the world (compared to 24% of all age illness) and 36% of deaths in children under age 14 are due to modifiable environmental factors. As with many illnesses, genes may create a loaded gun, but environment pulls the trigger. However, determining how impacts from gold mining waste within the West and Far West Rand as part of the Witwatersrand goldfields influence or determine human health is a challenge. This is due to the social, cultural and economic conditions (thus their broader well-being status) which influence the vulnerability of communities, and subsequently their resilience. The focus of the discussion will relate to this area and the NNR’s role – past and present – as public health protector in this area per se.
How to eat: vegetarianism, religion and law
14 August 2012
North West University

Kroeze, I J

The approach of Critical Legal Studies that law is a cultural artefact that can be criticised is taken as point of departure in this paper. This insight is applied to food as a very important cultural artefact that permeates virtually every aspect of our personal and social lives. The paper then examines three types of restrictive diets, namely Kosher food production, halal food rules and vegetarianism. From this study it concludes that all three perform a vital social function of providing adherents with a unifying and identifying set of rules to foster social coherence. But it also provides adherents with a strong moral foundation that serves to justify a sense of moral superiority. Most importantly, all three these diets rest on a modernist view of morality in which absolute, unquestioning and universal truths are possible. It therefore serves to provide certainty in the postmodern condition of uncertainty and relativism. For that reason this study concludes that vegetarianism is the new religion – it provides people who no longer believe in traditional religions with a new certainty.
Poultry manure enhances grass establishment at a quarry rehabilitation site in subtropical South Africa
28 August 2012
North West University

Siebert, Stefan John;Maliba, Bheki G.;Zobolo, Alpheus M.

The rehabilitation of a quarry was conducted with selected grass species in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The seed cocktail applied contained Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis curvula, Panicum maximum and Paspalum distichum. Three treatments used were: No soil enhancement (control), poultry manure application, and commercial fertilizer application. Four months after sowing, the percentage grass cover per 1 m2 of treatment was 33% for the control, 65% where manure was applied and 76% with fertilizer application. Both fertilizer and manure applications promoted the colonization of grass species. Fertilizer application significantly increased biomass of grass (P_0.05). Poultry manure resulted in higher biomass of approximately 5 g per m2 more than the control; however the mean was not significantly different from the control (P_0.05). These results suggest that fertilizer application prior to seed sowing in a rehabilitated quarry provide the highest biomass after four months. The application of poultry manure proved to be a cheaper option to increase aboveground plant cover in a rehabilitated area, but it is less effective than fertilizer in terms of biomass production.
African indigenous land rights in a private ownership paradigm
03 September 2012
North West University

Du Plessis, W J

It is often stated that indigenous law confers no property rights in land. Okoth-Ogenda reconceptualised indigenous land rights by debunking the myth that indige-nous land rights systems are necessarily "communal" in nature, that "ownership" is collective and that the community as an entity makes collective decisions about the access and use of land.1 He offers a different understanding of indigenous land rights systems by looking at the social order of communities that create "reciprocal rights and obligations that this binds together, and vests power in the community members over land". To determine who will be granted access to or exercise control over land and the resources, one needs to look at these rights and obligations and the performances that arise from them. This will leave only two distinct questions: who may have access to the land (and what type of access)2 and who may control and manage the land resources on behalf of those who have access to it?3 There is a link with this reconceptualisation and the discourse of the commons. Os-trom's classification of goods leads to a definition of the commons (or common pool of resources) as "a class of resources for which exclusion is difficult and joint use in-volves subtractablity".4 The questions this article wishes to answer are: would it firstly be possible to classify the indigenous land rights system as a commons, and sec-ondly would it provide a useful analytical framework in which to solve the problem of securing land tenure in South Africa?
Resistance to Bt Maize in Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Vaalharts, South Africa
03 October 2012
North West University

Kruger, Marlene;Van den Berg, Johann;Van Rensburg, J.B.J.

The first report of resistance of the maize stem borer [Busseola fusca (Fuller)] to Bt maize (MON810) was made in the Christiana area of South Africa during 2007. The objective of this study was to evaluate the status of resistance of other populations of B. fusca to Bt maize. One greenhouse and two laboratory studies were conducted. B. fusca populations were collected on Bt maize as well as the adjacent refugia (conventional maize and non-Bt maize) in the Vaalharts area, 50 km from the Christiana site. Control populations were collected from sites where Bt maize was not planted. In the greenhouse study 720 potted plants were each artificially infested with 10 neonate larvae of the F1-generation after the field collected populations were reared through to adults. Numbers of live larvae and larval mass per plant were determined at regular intervals over a 35-d period. Larvae of the Christiana conventional population (Bt-susceptible) on Bt maize (CHR08ConBt) and Bethal conventional population (Bt-susceptible) on Bt maize (BET08Con-Bt) did not survive on Bt maize for longer than 12 d. The populations collected from both Bt (VAA08Bt-Bt) maize and refuges (VAA08Ref-Bt) at Vaalharts were resistant and the subsequent generation of larvae completed their life cycle on Bt maize. Similar results were observed in the laboratory experiments. This study confirmed resistance of B. fusca to the Cry1Ab toxin (MON810). The geographical distribution of resistance was shown to include at least the Vaalharts area, in addition to the original report for the Christiana area. These observations that larvae collected from refugia at Vaalharts was resistant, show that the efficacy of the refuge strategy is compromised in this area because the contribution of refugia did not produce large enough numbers of susceptible individuals to mate with moths of which larvae survived inside Bt maize fields.
Differential responses of resistant and susceptible groundnut genotypes at cellular level to Ditylenchus africanus
13 November 2012
North West University

Jordaan, Anine;Steenkamp, Sonia;McDonald, Alexander Henrique;De Waele, Dirk Gaby Marthe Albert

Ditylenchus africanus causes cellular breakdown in pod tissue of susceptible groundnut cultivars. The histopathology of this nematode on a resistant genotype was studied using light microscopy and compared with the histopathology of D. africanus on a susceptible genotype. Plants of breeding line PC254K1 and cv. Sellie were propagated in a glasshouse, inoculated with D. africanus at inoculum levels of 2000, 5000 and 7000 nematodes per plant and the pods were collected at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting. In contrast to the susceptible genotype, only a small number of nematodes were observed in restricted areas of the pod tissue of the resistant genotype. Furthermore, the resistant genotype showed neither external symptoms nor cellular breakdown in reaction to D. africanus. According to results of this study, the mechanism of resistance involved may be the inhibition of proper development, migration and reproduction of this nematode, thus preventing it building up to damaging population levels.
The Bengwenyama Trilogy: constitutional rights and the fight for prospecting on community land
15 January 2013
North West University

Humby, T

Although developments subsequent to the judgment have undermined the value of the decision for the community involved, the Constitutional Court's judgment in the Bengwenyama matter provides a welcome precedent on the provisions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 that deal with the existence of an internal appeal, the nature of consultation with interested and affected parties, the role of environmental considerations in the granting of prospecting rights, and the procedural obligations of the DMR in relation to the community preferent right to prospect or mine. However, its deliberations on the duty to consult and particularly the procedural implications of the community preferent right to prospect do not go far enough into the dynamics underlying the implementation of the law, or tackle the problematic linkages between the MPRDA, the law relating to communal land tenure, and the processing of land claims.
Rent control: a comparative analysis
15 January 2013
North West University

Maass, S

Recent case law shows that vulnerable, previously disadvantaged private sector tenants are currently facing eviction orders – and consequential homelessness – on the basis that their leases have expired. In terms of the case law it is evident that once their leases have expired, these households do not have access to alternative accommodation. In terms of the Constitution, this group of marginalised tenants have a constitutional right of access to adequate housing and a right to occupy land with legally secure tenure. The purpose of this article is to critically analyse a number of legislative interventions, and specifically rent control, that were imposed in various jurisdictions in order to provide strengthened tenure protection for tenants. The rationale for this analysis is to determine whether the current South African landlordtenant regime is able to provide adequate tenure protection for vulnerable tenants and therefore in the process of transforming in line with the Constitution. The legal construction of rent control was adopted in pre-1994 South Africa, England and New York City to provide substantive tenure protection for tenants during housing shortages. These statutory interventions in the different private rental markets were justified on the basis that there was a general need to protect tenants against exploitation by landlords. However, the justification for the persistent imposition of rent control in New York City is different since it protects a minority group of financially weak tenants against homelessness. The English landlord-tenant regime highlights the importance of a well-structured social sector that can provide secure, long-term housing options for low-income households who are struggling to access the private rental sector. Additionally, the English rental housing framework shows that if the social sector is functioning as a "safety net" for low-income households, the private sector would be able to uphold deregulation. In light of these comparisons and the fact that the South African social sector is not functioning optimally yet, the question is whether the South African private sector is able to provide the required level of tenure protection for struggling tenants. Recent case law shows that tenants are at liberty to lodge unfair practice complaints with the Rental Housing Tribunals on the basis that the landlords' ground for termination of the lease constitutes an unfair practice. The Court defined an unfair practice as a practice that unreasonably prejudices the tenants' rights or interests. This judicial development signifies some transformation in the private sector since it allows the Tribunals to scrutinise landlords' reasons for termination of tenancies in light of tenants' personal and socioeconomic circumstances. The Tribunals are therefore empowered to weigh the interests of both parties and decide whether to confirm termination of the lease or set aside such termination. In light of this recent development, the Tribunals can provide strengthened tenure protection for destitute tenants on a case by case basis, which incorporates a flexible context-sensitive approach to the provision of secure housing rights in the landlord-tenant framework. This methodology is similar to the German approach. Even though this judicial development is welcomed, it raises some concerns with regard to landlords' property rights and specifically landlords' constitutional property rights since Tribunals are now at liberty to set aside contractually agreed grounds for termination of leases without any statutory guidance. The legislation fails to provide any information regarding legitimate grounds for termination, which might have to be rectified in future. The grounds listed in the rent control legislation should serve as a starting point to determine which grounds for termination of a lease should generally be upheld. However, German landlord-tenant law shows that a statutory ground for termination of a lease should not be imposed in an absolutist fashion but rather place a heavier burden on the tenant to prove why the lease should not come to an end.
Sampling variation in the quantification of fumonisins in maize samples
22 January 2013
North West University

Janse van Rensburg, B.;Flett, B.C.;McLarren, N.W.;McDonald, Alexander Henrique

Fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum cause mycotoxicoses in horses, swine and rats and have been associated with oesophageal cancer in humans. Accurate measurement of mycotoxins is essential for determining the safety of grain and their products for consumption. Four sources of variation were studied, namely sub-sample size, variation within a single maize sub-sample, number of replicates and toxin detection techniques used by independent laboratories. Variation in detected fumonisin levels within a single maize sample was high using the 25 g sub-samples proposed in the Neogen Veratox protocols. A 250 g subsample significantly reduced variation in fumonisin levels of samples. An incremental increase in sample size also improved the number of positive samples recorded. Increasing the number of replicates using the recommended sub-sample size (25 g) did notreduce variation except when the sample had high fumonisin levels. Improved accuracy was recorded when a 250 g sub-sample was used in conjunction with increased replicates. Data from laboratory analyses indicated that ELISA reactions (Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute) correlated significantly with HPLC results of the Medical Research Council (MRC), but neither of these correlated with results from an independent laboratory. Concentrations determined using ELISA were consistently higher than those from the HPLC (MRC) technique. Quantification technique, sample size, replicate number and laboratory where analyses are conducted, appear to be important sources of variation for quantification of fumonisins.
A review of some characteristics, socio-economic aspects and utilization of Zulu sheep: implications for conservation
30 January 2013
North West University

Bezuidenhout, Cornelius Carlos;Kunene, Nokuthula Winfred;Nsahlai, V.;Nesamvuni, Edward A.

Zulu sheep are Nguni sheep of Zululand and are adapted to the harsh conditions of KwaZulu-Natal. They are used by rural farmers for economic purposes. Their numbers are declining, indicating a potential extinction threat. Knowledge of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics is essential for conservation planning. In this review, there is a focus on the utilization, socio-economic aspects, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics as well as a proposed breeding programme. A survey has shown that rural farmers in the areas of northern KwaZulu-Natal prefer to keep this breed for its adaptability, resistance to diseases and meat quality. Zulu sheep are small-framed multi-coloured animals. Mature males weigh up to 38 kg and females up to 32 kg. Based on four morphological traits and live weight, phenotypic diversity between three populations was estimated at 48%. A genetic diversity between these three populations was estimated at 22%. Live weight of Zulu sheep can be estimated using the heart girth and wither height measurements. Scrotum circumference of young rams (up to 22 months old) is reliable for estimating the live weight. Animals that were characterized in the studies were grazed extensively and no supplements were provided. There is therefore a potential of weight increase if these animals are reared in a semi-extensive environment. An open nucleus breeding scheme is thus recommended for a sustainable use and conservation of this breed. For more conclusive results, larger numbers of phenotypic and genetic characteristics, in larger numbers of Zulu sheep populations, should be investigated.
Maccsand (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2012 (4) SA 181 (CC)
31 January 2013
North West University

Olivier, N J J;Williams, C;Badenhorst, P J

The Constitutional Court in Maccsand (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town (CCT 103/11) 2012 ZACC 7 decided that the granting of mining rights or mining permits by the Minister of Mineral Resources in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 does not obviate the obligation on an applicant to obtain authorisations in terms of other legislation that deals with functional domains other than minerals, mining and prospecting. This applies to all other legislation, irrespective of whether the responsible administrator of such other legislation is in the national, provincial or local sphere of government. The effect of the decision is that planning and other authorities which derive their statutory mandate and powers from other legislation retain all their powers as regards planning and rezoning, for instance. In addition, the Minister of Mineral Resources cannot make a decision on behalf of, or for, such functionaries. The judgement also clarified the question of whether or not a national Act can supersede provincial legislation dealing with a distinctly different functional domain. In principle, the decision also indicates that the fact that a range of authorisations are required in terms of separate statutory instruments (each with its own functional domain and administered by its own functionary) does not necessarily amount to conflicts between these instruments. An owner of land may now insist that his land may not be used for mining purposes if it is not zoned for such purposes. It is submitted that, in order to provide certainty to land owners, developers and government functionaries, and to promote investor confidence (especially in the mining sector), an intergovernmental system for the consideration of applications by the functionaries responsible for the separate statutory instruments needs to be developed as a high priority.
The silent victims of humanitarian crises and livelihood (in)security: a case study among migrants in two Chadian towns
16 August 2013
North West University

Djindil, Syntyche Nakar;De Bruijn, Mirjam

Once a humanitarian disaster receives coverage in the global media, the international community usually mobilises to reduce the most severe consequences. However people in Chad are experiencing endemic crises that are detached from speci!c triggers, and they are not receiving any international assistance to help relieve the hardships they face. "is study involves 111 migrant households from central Chad that, as a result of war and drought, have lost everything and now have to live in squatter areas of N’Djamena and Mongo, facing uncertainty and threats while negotiating their livelihoods. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been combined in this study to reveal the intriguing story of their daily lives in the face of complex and endemic crises. Anthropometric and health data were generated to determine the nutritional status of mothers and their children under !ve. Life histories, in-depth interviews and participatory observation allowed the researchers to capture the negotiation strategies they use to access food and shelter, their experiences of food insecurity and sanitary vulnerability, and the consequences these have on daily life. Results indicate that 62% of households were female headed, there were high rates of acute (40-50%) and chronic (35-40%) malnutrition and 46% of the mothers were underweight and anaemic. Infant mortality rates were also high at 30%-42% and 97% of the children had had incomplete or no vaccinations. No households had access to clean water, sanitation or public-health services. Endemic corruption and abuse by the authorities were identi!ed as major sources of day-to-day insecurity. Theese migrants were not expecting any improvement in their livelihoods in the foreseeable future and saw these miserable conditions as normal.
Les victimes silencieuses des crises humanitaires et l’(in)sécurité de leurs activités économiques : etude de cas parmi les migrants de deux villes tchadiennes
16 August 2013
North West University

Djindil, Syntyche Nakar;De Bruijn, Mirjam

Lorsqu’une catastrophe humanitaire fait la une des médias, la communauté internationale se mobilise à réduire les conséquences les plus sérieuses. La population du Tchad connaît cependant des crises endémiques qui ne sont liées à aucun élément déclencheur particulier# ; elle ne reçoit pas l’assistance internationale nécessaire pour faire face à ces problèmes. La présente étude concerne 111 ménages de migrants de la région du centre du Tchad, qui ont, à cause de la guerre et de la sécheresse, tout perdu, et qui vivent désormais dans de N’Djamena et de Mongo#; ces familles sont confrontées à la précarité et à d’autres éléments qui menacent leurs moyens de subsistance. Des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives ont été combinées dans l’étude pour révéler l’histoire intrigante de leur vie quotidienne au milieu de crises complexes et endémiques. Des données anthropométriques et sanitaires ont été utilisées pour déterminer l’état nutritionnel des mères et de leurs enfants de moins de cinq ans. Des narrations de vie, des entretiens en profondeur et des observations participatives ont permis aux chercheurs de déterminer les stratégies de négociation que ces familles adoptent pour accéder à leur nourriture et à leurs abris, leur expérience de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité sanitaire, ainsi que les conséquences que ces éléments ont sur leur vie quotidienne. Les résultats indiquent que 62% des ménages sont dirigés par des femmes, qu’il existe de forts taux de malnutrition aiguë (40-50%) et chronique (35-40%) et que 46% des mères sont sous-alimentées et anémiées. Les taux de mortalité infantile se sont avérés également élevés#: de 30% à 42%. 97% des enfants n’ont pas été complètement vaccinés, voire pas vaccinés du tout, dans certains cas. Aucun des ménages n’a accès à l’eau potable et aux services sociaux de base. La corruption endémique et l’abus manifesté par les autorités tchadiennes ont été identi$és comme sources d’insécurité quotidienne. Ces migrants considèrent cette situation misérable comme normale.
Drought preparedness, impact and response: a case of the Eastern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa
16 August 2013
North West University

Ngaka, Makala J

Drought is a major disaster in South Africa in terms of total economic loss and number of people affected. This study investigated and analysed the preparedness, impact of and response by the farming community to the 2007/2008 drought using the Eastern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa as case studies. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in this study. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews with sampled recipients of the 2007/2008 drought relief scheme. These were analysed using MedCalc® software and various statistical tests and correlations were performed to test for statistical differences on key variables. Major findings of this study included inadequacy of the extension support service, particularly as a vehicle for disseminating early-warning information. The most significant impact was livestock losses, and t-test results supported the hypothesis that there was a significant difference in terms of drought impact for the three categories of farmers (i.e. small, medium and large scale), particularly with regard to the proportion of livestock lost. A Logit analysis showed that the decision to reduce livestock during drought was influenced by access to land and race. The main constraint to the drought relief scheme, as perceived by the respondents, was the turnaround time − they felt that the relief was provided long after the disaster had occurred.
The usable past and socio-environmental justice: From Lady Selborne to Ga-Rankuwa.
03 September 2013
North West University

Kgari-Masondo, Maserole Christina

This article presents a case study in forced removals and their ramifications from 1905 to 1977 from the perspective of socio-environmental history. It depicts environmental damages and misunderstandings suffered due to forced removals from Pretoria in a location called Lady Selborne (currently known as Suiderberg) and Ga-Rankuwa where some of the displaced were relocated. The article demonstrates that forced removals did not only result in people losing their historical lands, properties and material possessions, but they lost their inheritance – homes, history and their sense of being and connectedness. The article depicts the complex picture of the ramifications of forced removals among former inhabitants of Lady Selborne where the township was a scenic home, with fertile soils and situated closer to the city centre - where they experienced environmental justice and felt human in the process. With the forced removals and relocation in Ga-Rankuwa the former inhabitants of Lady Selborne were resettled in a place with infertile soil on the outskirts of Pretoria. The article illustrates that successive white governments (from the colonial period till the reign of the National Party under De Klerk) and many scholars have tried to downplay African environmental ethics and to dismiss them as “superstition”. This resulted in forced removals and consequently in Africans being apathetic to environmental issues in the resettlement area; Ga- Rankuwa. This impacted on the oral traditional environmental education on environmental preservation which was ignored by Africans and successive governments and this hastened the deterioration of African environmental settlements in Ga-Rankuwa. Thus, in this article it will be argued that through environmental justice that embraces the “Usable past” of African environmental ethics, environmental education and activism is possible.
Traditional vegetables of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: has indigenous knowledge expanded the menu?
15 October 2013
North West University

Siebert, Stefan John;Ntuli, N.R.;Zobolo, A.M.;Madakadze, R.M.

A survey was conducted on traditional vegetables in three districts of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The objective was to determine which alien and native plant species were collected from the wild or cultivated for use as leafy vegetables. The survey documented 72 vegetable species of which nearly half were alien species. The majority of the vegetables were collected from the wild (56 species) and only 16 were cultivated. Alien species were preferred more extensively than native species (2.5 times more), despite the larger variety (larger choice) of the latter (38 native versus 34 alien species). Nearly 53% of traditional vegetables of alien origin belong to well-known vegetable families that are indigenous to the study area, suggesting that there is a classification system that allows people to explore new plant sources. This makes a case that Indigenous Knowledge Systems can expand the menu by incorporating newly introduced species. However, this also suggests that alien species, which are weedy and easily obtained around the home, is displacing native species as a major food source. Our findings also suggest that wild vegetables might have been predisposed for use due to their medicinal value.
The accountancy implications of commodity derivatives: a South African agricultural sector case study
23 October 2013
North West University

Middelberg, Susanna Levina;Buys, Pieter Willem;Styger, Paul

Agricultural companies and commodity processors trade commodity derivatives on the SAFEX Commodity Derivatives market to hedge themselves and their producers against commodity price risk. Agricultural companies have to adhere to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) of which International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, forms part. The objective of the study was to establish a standard methodology for the interpretation of IAS 39 to serve as a benchmark and best practice for South African agricultural companies and commodity processors. The research found that there is no consistent interpretation or application of IAS 39 by the respondents. The recommended standard methodology to follow includes that agricultural companies holding grain inventory for trading should fair value such inventory and that the classification of transactions as derivative contracts, as defined per IAS 39, depends on whether hedge accounting is applied or not.
Hunting status? Power and buffalo shooting in the Albany and Bathurst districts of the Cape Colony c. 1892 - 1916.
08 January 2014
North West University

Gess, David W;Swart, Sandra

The hunting of buffalo in the Bathurst district of the Cape Colony during the closing decades of the 19th Century serves as a case study of the system of issuing permits to shoot big game introduced by the Game Act of 1886, and provides an opportunity to identify and interrogate the competing interests of those who wished to obtain for themselves the right to hunt these increasingly threatened animals. The administrative process by which the Department of Agriculture considered and determined permit applications is a lens through which to view the use of influence and connection in the pursuit of personal hunting interests, particularly when the clerk to the local Civil Commissioner, whose duties included recommending permit applications, sought to secure hunting opportunities for himself to the exclusion of others.
New “traditional” strategies and land claims in South Africa: a case study in Hammanskraal.
08 January 2014
North West University

Godsell, Sarah

In post-apartheid South Africa, many hopes were pinned on the process of land-restitution to be a major part of power and wealth redistribution. However, as the land claims process is linked to demonstrable historical legitimacy, this process has sometimes necessitated both the restating and reinventing of local histories and “ethnic identities”, in line with new political structures or moral frameworks. This article addresses continuity and innovation in strategies around historical adaptation to governance structures, ethnicity and “traditional” structures in South Africa. These themes will be explored using Hammanskraal, located in the north of Gauteng, as a case study, examining the way legitimacy has been gained, constructed and established in two specific periods: around 1911-1944 and 1995-2010. In 1944, government ethnographer NJ Van Warmelo produced a history of Johannes “Jan Tana” Kekana’s Ndebele, depicting the history and lineage of the AmaNdebele-a-Moletlane group. In 1995, a substantial land-claim was lodged by a contestant for the chieftaincy of the AmaNdebele-a-Moletlane, presenting a different historical background that contested the narrative produced by Van Warmelo. The contestant for the chieftaincy, not currently officially recognised by South African state structures, has used various strategies to concretise his position. These strategies show how entrenched historical legitimacy is being counteracted by popular modes of expression, construction and communication. This new politics, consciously constructed around ideas of traditional structures and legitimacy, interacts with new power structures, adding the importance of political connections or resources to the construction of the claim. Contextualising this historically shows how continuities regarding “traditional” authorities have interacted with the state before, during and after apartheid.
Agritourism activities in the Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa: perceptions and opportunities
29 January 2014
North West University

Myer, S L;De Crom, E P

Farms in South Africa have to compete in a very hostile agricultural economic environment and it has become imperative for farmers to find new ways of generating additional income. Research undertaken in the Mopani District Municipality (MDM) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa identified agritourism as a potential means to this end. The main aim of this primarily qualitative study was to gain a better understanding of the perceptions and opportunities for agritourism in the study area. Data were mainly collected through interviews and questionnaires. Participants consisted of farmers and tourists, as well as owners of existing agritourism farms within the MDM. Five current active agritourism establishments were identified. Key findings revealed that agritourism is not being utilised to its full potential. Although perceptions of respondents towards agritourism are positive, marketing around it is insufficient and not all farmers are willing to host agritourism activities on their farms for various reasons. However, the MDM is a tourist hub with many visitors passing through the area en route to the Kruger National Park. Therefore, the potential already exists to host agritourism activities that will benefit farmers in various ways. By developing farm trails, scheduling daily farm activities, using information brochures, forming networks with existing tourist establishments, encouraging the use of local and fresh produce and providing good roadside signage, farmers can gain increased exposure and recognition for what they do and opportunities for growth and development may be realised.
The regulations relating to foodstuffs for infants and young children (R 991) : a formula for the promotion of breastfeeding or censorship of commercial speech?
14 April 2014
North West University

Mills, Lize

The regulation of commercial speech in the interests of public health is an issue which recently has become the topic of numerous debates. Two examples of such governmental regulation are the subjects of discussion in this article, namely the prohibition on the advertising and promotion of tobacco products, as well as the proposed prohibition on the advertising and promotion of infant formulae and other foods and products marketed as being suitable for infants or young children. The article seek to evaluate the recently proposed regulations published in terms of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act in the light of the reasoning by the Supreme Court of Appeal in the British American Tobacco South Africa (Pty) Limited v Minister of Health 463/2011) [2012] ZASCA 107 (20 June 2012) decision, and in particular in terms of the section 36 test of reasonableness and proportionality found in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It argues that, although the South African Department of Health must be applauded for its attempt at improving public health in the country, some of the provisions of the proposed regulations are not constitutionally sound. It will be contended that, despite the fact that the promotion of breastfeeding is a laudable goal, the introduction only of measures which restrict the right to advertise these types of products will not necessarily achieve this objective.
White settlement and irrigation schemes: CF Rigg and the founding of Bonnievale in the Breede River Valley, 1900-c.1953.
15 April 2014
North West University

Visser, Wessel

The idea to initiate irrigation development as part of a white colonisation scheme and a political movement to settle Britons on land in South Africa dates back to the culmination of British imperialism in the late nineteenth century. Such schemes were envisaged by imperialists such as Cecil Rhodes, Thomas Smartt and Percy Fitzpatrick and became more viable with the promulgation of the Cape Colony’s Irrigation Act of 1893 which extended the facility of government loan funds to private individuals. In 1900 a Scottish immigrant, CF Rigg, obtained land on the Breede River in the Western Cape which was divided after a survey into irrigation plots for private purchase. Thus, Rigg began one of the first private real estate schemes in South Africa. Apart from a number of poor white Afrikaner ostrich farmers, who left the droughtstricken Oudtshoorn district in search of better agricultural conditions by purchasing plots from Rigg, he also targeted British World War One veterans. Rigg compiled an elaborate and professional recruitment brochure which included detailed information on aspects such as soil conditions, climatology and geographical features, agricultural possibilities, transport facilities and shipping fares from Britain to South Africa. This article explores the historical development of Rigg’s irrigation settlement and infrastructural development such as the construction of a weir and canal system (which included the drilling and blasting of an irrigation tunnel) under the guise of white colonisation and settlement in the age of empire in early twentieth century South Africa. As the number of purchasers of irrigation plots increased over time, Rigg’s scheme, originally called Riggton, would gradually develop into the town and agricultural community of Bonnievale, derived from the Scottish word for “beautiful” and the local railway siding Vale.
Consumers’ preferences for private and national brand food products
25 June 2014
North West University

Wyma, Louise;Van der Merwe, Daleen;Bosman, Magdalena J.C.;Erasmus, Alet C.;Strydom, Herman;Steyn, Faans

Consumers' choice of private brands reflects distinct differences in terms of product categories, and indications are that demographic and psychographic factors are also influential in terms of the sales of private vs. national brand foods. This study investigated the relationship between selected demographic and psychographic variables and consumers' brand preferences for selected food products in a South African context. A mall intercept, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data (n = 620) in an urban area at prominent supermarkets. Findings revealed that consumers' choice of private brands is probably associated with the product category. Although the present study could not expose significant relationships with psychographics for different grocery products, certain demographic factors seem noteworthy. Home language and education level seemed to be more significant indicators of brand preference, which suggests that consumers' ability to interpret label information may be influential. This study concluded that brand preference depends on specific demographics for each product, and that psychographic factors were not significant in terms of product choice. Brand preference research therefore seems to be product and region specific and related to specific demographic variables.
Commodity derivative transaction comparability: evidence from South Africa
10 July 2014
North West University

Middelberg, Sanlie L.;10127100 - Buys, Pieter Willem

Financial statements are used by investors and financiers in their investment or financing decisions. The accounting treatment of individual transactions is reflected in the annual financial statements; therefore, similar transactions should be accounted for similarly by organisations in the same industry, otherwise these financial statements become incomparable. Commodity derivatives are utilised extensively by agricultural companies and processors in their risk management strategies. The accounting standard, IAS 39, on financial instruments such as commodity derivatives should be interpreted and applied consistently in order to ensure comparability of financial statements. Within the South African agricultural companies and processors context, this paper identified and considered eight basic transactions commonly used when buying and selling grain. It was found that there is not always a consistent accounting treatment of these transactions among industry players and therefore a best practice methodology for interpreting and applying the accounting standard was formulated for each of the eight transaction types.
Transgenic Bt maize: farmers perceptions, refuge compliance and reports of stem borer resistance in South Africa
10 July 2014
North West University

Kruger, M.;Van Rensburg, J.B.J.;Van den Berg, J.

Based on surface area, South Africa is currently ranked the eighth in planting genetically modified (GM) crops in the world. Bt maize (MON810) has been grown to control lepidopterous stem borers in South Africa since its first release during 1998. The first report of resistance of the African maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and poor compliance to refuge requirements that could have contributed to resistance development prompted this study which was done in the main maize production area of South Africa. Objectives were to evaluate farmer’s perceptions of the regulatory aspects guiding the planting of Bt maize and refugia and how it was applied between 1998 and 2010. This study involved 105 commercial farmers covering 87 778 ha of maize throughout the main maize production region on the Highveld of South Africa. A questionnaire survey was conducted and addressed signing of technical agreements upon purchasing GM seed, refuge compliance, pest management practices, perceived benefits and risks relating to Bt maize. Compliance with refugia requirements was low especially during the initial 5–7 years after release. An alarmingly high number of farmers applied insecticides as preventative sprays on Bt maize and refugia irrespective of stem borer infestation levels. A large proportion of farmers reported significant borer infestation levels on Bt maize and between 5% and 93% farmers in all districts applied insecticides to Bt maize to limit borer damage, indicating that the occurrence of resistance is more wide-spread in the country than previously thought. This study shows irresponsible management of GM crop technology by farmers, chemical and seed companies. Concerns and perceptions of farmers in South Africa seem to differ from those in Europe. South African farmers perceived little, if any, negative impact on non-target organisms and remain positive about the technology in spite of resistance development. Other studies indicated that European farmers were concerned about these aspects. A shared concern, however, was consumer acceptance of GM maize and marketability on the export market.
The mechanics of intervention and the Green Paper on Land Reform
28 July 2014
North West University

Pienaar, Juanita M

The South African land control system has always, to some extent, been interfered with by government. Interventions in the course of the twentieth century in particular have resulted in an unequal, fragmented and diverse land control system. The law has been integral to this process. Since 1994, within a constitutional paradigm, interventions have been aimed at untangling the complex web of land-related measures so as to affect an equitable, co-ordinated and less complex land system. In this process law - including policy documents, plans, programmes and legislative measures - is again integral. The aim of this contribution is to ascertain whether, under the present government, the mechanics of intervention within the land reform arena have resulted overall in a sensible, workable framework within which challenges and weaknesses linked to land reform can be addressed effectively. In this regard both the structural and material dimensions of recent interventions are set out. Within this context the most recent intervention dealing with land reform in particular, the Green Paper on Land Reform of 2011, is placed in perspective and investigated further in light of the recent National Development Plan. Specific themes that have resonated in the recent mechanics of intervention, as well as the persons and communities who stand to be affected by them and the possible extent of their collective impact, are thereafter discussed. Due to the general vagueness of the Green Paper and its lack of depth and detail, the extent of the impact of the recent measures cannot be ascertained fully. The alignment of the new bodies and institutions proposed by and their contribution to actually addressing the challenges identified in the Green Paper are furthermore problematic and disappointing. Excluding vast portions of rural land comprising communal areas from all of the recent tenure-related measures is especially disconcerting. Clearly, huge gaps prevail in the resultant framework. Overall, the analysis of the recent structural and material dimensions of the recent mechanics underlines that further engineering is urgently required.
Introducing CSR - the missing ingredient in the Land Reform recipe?
28 July 2014
North West University

Kloppers, Henk J

In reaction to the unequal land ownership brought about by decades of apartheid, the first democratically elected government embarked on an extensive land reform programme - a programme consisting of the three constitutionally protected pillars: restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The aim of this programme is not only to provide for restitution to persons who lost their land as a result of racially based measures, but also provide previously disadvantaged South Africans with access to land in order to address the unequal land ownership. This research focuses on the restitution and redistribution pillars of the land reform programme. The progress made in terms of both these sub-programmes has been disappointing. With reference to redistribution the government has set the target to redistribute 30% of white owned commercial agricultural land to black persons by 2014. To date, less than 10% of this target has been achieved and all indications are that the overwhelming majority of land which has been redistributed is not being used productively or have fallen into a state of total neglect. The state of the redistributed land can be attributed to a variety of causes, with the main cause being the government's inability to provide proper post-settlement support to land reform beneficiaries. Against this background it is clear that alternative options have to be identified in order to improve the result of land reform. This article identifies corporate social responsibility (CSR) as one of the missing ingredients in the recipe for a successful land reform programme. The article introduces CSR and discusses the business case for CSR; identifies its benefits; considers its possible limitations; and examines the major drivers behind the notion. From the discussion of these topics it will become evident that an assumption of social responsibility by businesses in especially the agricultural sector might contribute to an improved land reform programme.
Silence is golden: the lack of direction on compensation for expropriation in the 2011 Green Paper on Land Reform
28 July 2014
North West University

Du Plessis, Elmien

The government set the target for redistribution of land to 30% by 2014. They have adopted the "willing-buyer-willing-seller" model that relies on a voluntary transaction between farmers and government to acquire such land. Frustrated at the slow pace of land reform, the ruling party is starting to indicate that the state will in future rely on its expropriation powers to acquire such land. Section 25 of the Constitution makes it clear that when the state expropriates property, compensation must be paid. The current act, the 1975 Expropriation Act, determines that such compensation must be market value, while the Constitution lists market value as only one of at least five factors that must be taken into account when determining compensation. There have been various attempts at drafting legislation that will bring compensation practices in line with the Constitution, with the latest Bill published in March 2013. This article focusses on the Green Paper that preceded the Bill, and argues that not much direction is given on how compensation for expropriation should be calculated.
Determinants of the food security status of households receiving government grants in Kwakwatsi, South Africa
15 September 2014
North West University

Sekhampu, Tshediso Joseph

This study attempts to estimate the food security status and identify the determinants of food security among households receiving government grants in a township of Kwakwatsi, South Africa. The results are based on a household survey using questionnaires. A Logistic regression model was estimated based on this data with the household food security status (that is food secure and insecure) as the dependent variable and a set of demographic variables as explanatory variables. It was found that about 38 per cent of the sampled households are food secure. The results of the regression analysis showed total householdincome, household size, employment and marital status of the household head, employment status of the spouse as important determinants of food security in the area. Household size and the marital status of the head of household were negatively associated with household food security. The age, gender and educational attainment of the household head were not significant predictors of household food security status. This study makes a contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of households dependent on government grants by modelling the factors which determine food security and may act as reference source for policy planning purposes.
To amuse the mouth: antropopophagy in Thomas Harris’s Tetralogy of Hannibal Lecter novels
17 September 2014
North West University

Ullyatt, Tony

The article is divided into two sections, like a two-course meal. The first section begins by defining food before considering some cultural aspects of what constitutes normal/permissible versus abnormal/non-permissible comestibles; it rounds out with a brief subsection devoted to anthropophagy. The second section discusses cannibalism (and some of its associated processes, such as decapitation and evisceration) as themes in Thomas Harris's tetralogy of novels featuring the psychiatrist/serial killer/cannibal, Hannibal Lecter. Cumulatively, the two sections seek to explore and explain how and why, in Hannibal Lecter's case, “Der Mensch ist was er iβt” (Man is what he eats).
Gender differences related to the health and lifestyle patterns of university students
07 October 2014
North West University

Christine Janse van Rensburg;Jhalukpreya Surujlal

One of the transitions from adolescence to adulthood is the admission of students to a university setting. Accompanying this transition is a new-found independence which results in university students having more autonomy over their lifestyles and behaviours. The assumption in this setting is that many students are likely to engage in unhealthy and risky lifestyle behaviours which include alcohol abuse, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary practices which may adversely affect their health in the long-term. In South Africa, research with regard to health and lifestyle patterns amongst both male and female young adults remains limited. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate whether male and female students differed in relation to their health and lifestyles, as well as the related consequences thereof. A convenience sampling technique was used, where questionnaires were administered to 400 students at three university campuses in the Gauteng province of South Africa. An exploratory data analysis for health factors was used in order to retrieve relevant factors from a factor and regression analysis. Differences in gender were tested by using cross-tabulation for descriptive statistics and Chi-square analysis. The study found no statistically-significant differences between genders relating to the three emerging health factors, namely Gastrointestinal, Upper Respiratory Infections and Total Health Problems. However, descriptive statistics of lifestyle habits revealed that more female students exercised, smoked and binged on food than their male counterparts. It was also found that female students reported a higher incidence of stress than male students. It was concluded that university students do indeed engage in behaviours and lifestyles that place them at risk for serious health problems.
Settler security, insecurity and solidarity in colonial Natal with particular reference to the South Coast 1850-1910.
11 December 2014
North West University

Du Bois, Duncan

Although British settlers enjoyed political and military control, there were factors which rendered them vulnerable. These included their proximity to the reserves set aside by Shepstone exclusively for African residence and the fear of unrest or even attack emanating from those reserves. As a safeguard, settler volunteer groups or rifle associations were established across the Colony. A spirit of community and settler solidarity was the corollary of those associations. But vexing the situation was settler dependence on African labour and the role of Africans up until the late 1880s in the provision of certain basic foodstuffs. The importing of indentured Indian labour provided relief for settler enterprise on the one hand but created a new challenge on the other, namely, the social presence and commercial competition which the Indian posed as a settler. A battery of discriminatory legislation aimed at removing those insecurities proved fruitless. Despite official awareness of the vulnerabilities to which the tiny settler population was exposed, ironically a policy of frugality resulted in the placement of token-strength police contingents in the various counties. The Anglo-Zulu War and the unrest of 1906 which culminated in the Bhambatha rebellion were the two most serious threats to settler safety and security. As such they produced a surge in settler solidarity. Yet in both cases settlers were neither threatened nor harmed. The earlier Langalibalele affair also triggered a settler response of solidarity with Governor Pine for his handling of it. Isolated and sparsely populated, the South Coast as a frontier region was subject to the same insecurities as other parts of the Colony. The solidarity which its settler population always displayed in respect of those insecurities proved additional to the solidarity that already existed as a result of the region’s long struggle for infrastructure development. Although never endangered by unrest, South Coast colonists were no different from those elsewhere in Natal in favouring discriminatory legislation against Africans and Indians. They also solidly endorsed the union dispensation as the best guarantee of future security.
Memories of forced removals: Former residents of the Durban Municipal Magazine Barracks and the Group Areas Act.
11 December 2014
North West University

Gopalan, Karthigasen

Two powerful phenomena around which people coalesce in the present, and which consequently give rise to notions of “community”, are recollections of historical suffering, and an affiliation to low income working class districts. Exploring both themes are particularly useful when looking at the experiences and the memories of the nearly three and a half million South Africans who were displaced from long standing settlements, beginning in the late 1950s as a consequence of the Group Areas Act. It has been argued that in response to being victims of land dispossession, many have created a counter narrative to the Apartheid justification of Group Areas. Over years this has led to the construction of romanticised memories of life before forced removals which has a profound influence on the way they see themselves today. While the motives and the broader political and economic impact of the Group Areas Act has been widely studied, it also crucial to look at these subjective experiences of ordinary South Africans and how they were both, impacted upon, and responded to forced removals in different ways. Historians trying to access this kind of information, not contained in official state records, are dependent on oral testimony and consequently human memory. Oral testimony does however present various methodological challenges. This paper is concerned with the subjectivities and fluidity of human memory, and focuses specifically on former residents of the Magazine Barracks, with their own unique experiences and interpretations of forced removals. Rather than seeing the fluidity of memory as only a limitation, looking at what former residents chose to speak about and what they chose to omit is also revealing about how they responded to the state laws imposed upon them. Built in 1880 to house Indian municipal employees of the Durban Corporation and their families, the severely overcrowded Magazine Barracks was home to over seven thousand people by the 1960s when it was evacuated and residents sent to Chatsworth. Despite poverty and very poor living conditions, former residents today speak nostalgically about the community that they had created and have very fond memories of growing up in the Magazine Barracks. They established numerous voluntary associations to promote cultural and welfare endeavours as well as many sporting bodies. Albeit the improved living conditions and economic opportunities that former residents of the Magazine Barracks were able to take advantage of after moving to Chatsworth, today some of them argue that if it were possible they would prefer to go back to way that they lived in the barracks.
Transboundary movements of genetically modified organisms and the Cartagena protocol: key issues and concerns
04 February 2015
North West University

Lim Tung, Odile J

Biotechnology or the engineering of the genetic material of species can give way to avenues of possibilities for the benefit of people, fauna and flora but also has the potential of posing untold and undiscovered threats to human beings and other living organisms. One of the first attempts to legislate on international rules on biotechnology can be traced back to article 19 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. The CBD is indeed the first international legal instrument apart from the then European Community’s relevant directives to suggest that biotechnology is a matter of concern for the international community while providing a basis upon which more detailed procedures would be elaborated in the field of biosafety. While the CBD includes international rules on access to genetic resources, access to and the transfer of technology, the handling of biotechnology and the distribution of its benefits, it does not include a detailed regulation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their possible adverse effects on the environment, human and animal health. It was only with the coming into existence of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol) to the CBD in 2000 that the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) such as genetically engineered plants, animals, and microbes were at last being catered for, albeit leaving aside the broader categories of GMOs. Due to the need for the negotiators of this protocol to make compromises, there were still key issues on the international biosafety framework pertaining mainly to the scope of the GMOs to be covered by this protocol and by the Advanced Informed Agreement procedure; identification and traceability issues; and liability and redress issues. Nine years after the entry into force of the Cartagena Protocol the transboundary movements of GMOs have clearly increased with new categories of GMOs and genetically modified products to regulate. The debate on the safety of GMOs used for food and feed as well as the effects of GMOs on the receiving environment is still very lively throughout the world, amidst a lack of traceability of GMOs or epidemiological studies in the GMO-producing countries. However, there has been some progress on liability and redress with regard to damage resulting from the transboundary movement of LMOs with the adoption of rules and procedures for liability and redress in 2010 with the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol "(hereafter the Nagoya SP)" to the Cartagena Protocol, which is yet to enter into force. There are also concerns on the harmonisation of national biosafety regulation, risk assessment and risk management standards, the interpretation of socio-economic considerations, and the monitoring of compliance with the provisions of the Cartagena The scope of the GMOs covered by the Cartagena Protocol is discussed first, which discussion is followed by the discussion of identification and traceability issues, the harmonisation of national biosafety regulation, the harmonisation of risk assessment and risk management standards, the scope of the relevant socio-economic considerations, implementation, and concerns about the settlement of disputes.
White man’s disease, black man’s peril?: Rinderpest and famine in the eastern Bechuanaland Protectorate at the end of the 19th century.
16 February 2015
North West University

Molosiwa, Phuthego P

During the late nineteenth century, a pandemic of Rinderpest exterminated large numbers of cattle in Southern Africa. Although in the Bechuanaland Protectorate the disease killed cattle only for two years between 1896 and 1897, its effects were to last until the very end of the century. The loss of cattle disrupted subsistence production, disintegrated the social fabric and caused famines. This paper examines the subsistence crisis caused by the loss of cattle and the multiple coping mechanisms that people employed to negotiate the ensuing famine. Despite being thrown into a state of desperation, the paper argues, rural communities in the eastern Bechuanaland Protectorate appropriated and reconstituted certain features of their cultural and social life to negotiate the hardships and, when these failed, they invented new strategies appropriate with specific situations.
A monitoring and evaluation system utilisation model for support to South African municipalities
23 February 2015
North West University

Motingoe, R.S.;Van der Waldt, Gerrit

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Section 154), stipulates that national and provincial government must support and strengthen the capacity of municipalities to operationalise their constitutional mandate. The primary mandate of the provincial Departments of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA) and the national Department of Cooperative Governance (DCoG) is to promote sustainable development by providing support to local government. Such support should strengthen the financial, human, technical and administrative capacity of municipalities and enable them to achieve their developmental objectives. To facilitate such support, a Government-wide Monitoring & Evaluation System (GWM&ES) was established. This article reports the results of empirical research conducted in a sample of 36 local municipalities to determine the extent to which COGTA and DCoG utilise the Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) system in support of municipalities. Based on these results, a model is proposed for the improvement of M&E system utilisation by COGTA and DCoG, helping them to fulfilI their support mandate more efficiently.
'n Nuwe benadering tot grondhervorming as n ontwikkelingsfaktor in die Suid–Afrikaanse politieke landskap
19 March 2015
North West University

Van der Elst, Herman

In its 1994 election manifesto (the Reconstruction and Development Programme - RDP) the African National Congress (ANC), undertook, if elected, to ensure that pro-active land reform takes place in post-apartheid South Africa. The RDP elaborated on the legacy of apartheid as a key cause of the current skewed pattern of land ownership in South Africa as well as the importance of ownership of land for the African people. For this reason the manifesto emphasised that land reform must be one of the key transformation priorities for the new Government in order to rectify the wrongs of the past. In terms of post-apartheid land reform arrangements there would be a specific focus on the following aspects: • Returning land to those that lost their property as a result of apartheid legislation since 1913; • Redistributing land to those that were denied the opportunity to become land owners or right of residence. Against the background of these objectives the post-apartheid land reform aim of the RDP was to ensure the enforcement of justice, poverty relief to the poorest of the poor and the creation of a situation of sustainable development. In 2012 the reality is, however, that land reform has only partially been effective. Eighty seven per cent of all arable land is still owned by white commercial farmers, redistribution is slow and sustainable development is not taking place. The majority of the South African population, in specifically the rural areas, are still exposed to extreme poverty and continued underdevelopment. At the ANC's June 2012 policy conference this partial effectiveness of land reform since 1994 was recognised. To overcome this situation a so-called new approach to land reform was called for. There was consensus that the functional processes of land reform must be changed drastically. This must be done in order to speed up the pace of redistribution, simultaneously ensuring that sustainable development and poverty reduction continue after land has been transferred to beneficiaries. The urgency of implementing the new approach was expressed as follows in the land reform policy discussion document of June 2012 (South Africa 2012:2) : "Land reform must represent a radical and rapid break from the past without significantly disrupting production and food security. " At this stage the exact format, content and implications of this "radical and rapid break" is, however, uncertain. In the advent of the ANC's December 2012 leadership elections it can be expected with certainty that many key aspects of the current land reform arrangements will be reviewed, changed or even scrapped in order to speed up the process. This assumption also serves as rationale behind this research. It is firstly the purpose of this article to analyse descriptively the unfolding, scope and progress of land reform in South Africa since 1994. In order to achieve this objective the article focuses on the following key aspects: • The rationale behind the current format of land reform; • The land reform policy and legislative objectives; • The land reform implementation procedures; • A holistic perspective on the progress made thus far; and • The identification of the weaknesses and strong points of land reform since 1994. Through this analysis the article will secondly identify the shortcomings in the current process. Against the above-mentioned background an attempt will lastly be made to provide a scenario perspective with regard to the unfolding of this so-called new approach. An emphasis will be placed on the identification of possible key functional policy and implementation arrangements that might change after 2012.
The utilisation of lucerne (Medicago sativa): a review
20 April 2015
North West University

Mielmann, Annchen

Purpose – The aim of this review is to focus on the potential utilisation of lucerne which could contribute more effectively to human nutrition and food sustainability. It aims to explore a proposed cycle for the promotion of lucerne for human consumption. Furthermore it seeks to propose lucerne as a potential vegetable and to briefly discuss the chemical composition, protein application, safety and medicinal uses of lucerne. Design/methodology/approach – A non-experimental approach, namely a systematic literature study, was used. During the study searches were done on the scientific databases Science Direct, Sabinet online, Emerald, EbscoHost and SpringerLink. Moreover internet searches were undertaken on the search engine, Google Scholar. Additionally, available textbooks and theses were consulted. Different combinations of keywords as well as synonyms for keywords were used during the searches. Some keywords used included lucerne, alfalfa and legumes. Findings – The high costs of animal protein have led to a growing interest in the industrial applications of lucerne in developing countries as lucerne is a valuable source of protein, suitable to produce nutritional food for human consumers. The full development of lucerne’s potential is hindered by a lack of awareness among consumers as well as by a lack of capacity within a research community. Therefore the key steps in the proposed cycle can be used to aid in the diversification of lucerne in the market place. Originality/value – To the author’s knowledge there exists a lack of previous reviews on lucerne. It is important for scientists to become aware of the nutritional and entrepreneurial potential and contribution for human consumption purposes in the future in order for the lucerne industry to diversify.
Effects of a multi-micronutrient-fortified beverage, with and without sugar, on growth and cognition in South African schoolchildren: a randomised, double-blind, controlled intervention
20 April 2015
North West University

Taljaard, Christine;Covic, Namukolo M.;Van Graan, Averalda E.;Kruger, Herculina S.;Smuts, Cornelius M.;Baumgartner, Jeannine;Wright, Hattie H.;Jerling, Johann C.

Little is known about the effects of combined micronutrient and sugar consumption on growth and cognition. In the present study, we investigated the effects of micronutrients and sugar, alone and in combination, in a beverage on growth and cognition in schoolchildren. In a 2 £ 2 factorial design, children (n 414, 6–11 years) were randomly allocated to consume beverages containing (1) micronutrients with sugar, (2) micronutrients with a non-nutritive sweetener, (3) no micronutrients with sugar or (4) no micronutrients with a non-nutritive sweetener for 8·5 months. Growth was assessed and cognition was tested using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children version II (KABC-II) subtests and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT). Micronutrients decreased the OR for Fe deficiency at the endpoint (OR 0·19; 95% CI 0·07, 0·53). Micronutrients increased KABC Atlantis (intervention effect: 0·76; 95% CI 0·10, 1·42) and HVLT Discrimination Index (1·00; 95% CI 0·01, 2·00) scores. Sugar increased KABC Atlantis (0·71; 95% CI 0·05, 1·37) and Rover (0·72; 95% CI 0·08, 1·35) scores and HVLT Recall 3 (0·94; 95% CI 0·15, 1·72). Significant micronutrient £ sugar interaction effects on the Atlantis, Number recall, Rover and Discrimination Index scores indicated that micronutrients and sugar in combination attenuated the beneficial effects of micronutrients or sugar alone. Micronutrients or sugar alone had a lowering effect on weight-for-age z-scores relative to controls (micronutrients 20·08; 95% CI 20·15, 20·01; sugar 20·07; 95% CI 20·14, 20·002), but in combination, this effect was attenuated. The beverages with micronutrients or added sugar alone had a beneficial effect on cognition, which was attenuated when provided in combination.
Pest resistance to Cry1Ab Bt maize: field resistance, contributing factors and lessons from South Africa
11 May 2015
North West University

Van den Berg, Johnnie;Hilbeck, Angelika;Bøhn, Thomas

This paper documents the historical development of resistance of the African maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt maize (Zea mays L.). This pest was one of the first to evolve resistance to Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab protein. A time-line of events and contributing factors are presented, from the commencement of efficacy testing through to the present situation, where the Cry1Ab toxin has lost its efficacy against B. fusca at many localities throughout the maize producing region, and single-gene Bt maize events often require insecticide treatments for which farmers are compensated. Significant levels of pest survival on Bt maize was observed in the first season after commercial release in 1998 and confirmed seven years later. Reduced selection pressure on the target pest is the objective of insect resistance management (IRM), and strategies to accomplish this should receive highest priority. Where resistance is prevalent, the only viable options to reduce selection pressure are withdrawal of the product and/or enforcement of high-dose/refuge requirements. The latter action may however be of no value under conditions where resistance is prevalent, since the value of refugia to an IRM strategy may be compromised. Remedial actions taken in South Africa included the propagation and enforcement of refuge compliance followed by the release of pyramided maize hybrids in 2011. These pyramids combine Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 toxin-producing transgenes, replacing the ineffective single-transgene. However, it remains uncertain if cross-resistance occurs between Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 and the closely related Cry1Ab toxin, and for how long this pyramided event will endure. Cultivation of Cry1Ab-expressing hybrids continues in areas where resistance levels have been confirmed to be high. In retrospect, this case provides lessons regarding IRM, not only in South Africa, but wherever Bt crops are being introduced.
Dietitians in South Africa require more competencies in public health nutrition and management to address the nutritional needs of South Africans
20 May 2015
North West University

Parker, Whadiah;Steyn, Nelia P.;Mchiza, Zandile;Nthangeni, Gladys;Mbhenyane, Xikombiso;Dannhauser, Andre;Moeng, Lynn;Wentzel-Viljoen, Edelweiss

The aim of this study was to determine whether dietitians in South Africa are competent to meet the requirements of working in a health care setting during a compulsory oneyear community service (CS) program immediately after receiving their degree. A national survey was conducted using questionnaires to illicit information from dietitians on their training and competencies. In 2009, data were collected from both community service dietitians (CSDs) participating in community service programs in primary, secondary and tertiary health care centers in all provinces of South Africa, as well as from their provincial managers (nutrition coordinators). Sixteen (100% response) nutrition coordinators and 134 (80% response) dietitians participated in the quantitative survey. The majority of the CSDs reported that, overall, their academic training had prepared them for most aspects of nutrition service delivery. However, some recommended that academic programs include more training on community-based nutrition programs and in delivering optimal services to under-resourced communities as they believed that their competencies in these two areas were weakest. Furthermore, many CSDs were required to establish dietetics departments where none had previously existed; consequently, their capacity in management and administration needed improvement. In conclusion, academic training institutions should align their programs to the transformation of the health sector in South Africa by ensuring that dietitians are empowered to provide optimal public health nutrition services in under-resourced communities.
"Just Piles of Rocks to Developers but Places of Worship to Native Americans" - Exploring the Significance of Earth Jurisprudence for South African Cultural Communities
24 June 2015
North West University

Ratiba, Matome M

Throughout the years cultural communities across the world have borne witness to many unending attempts at the destruction of their places of worship. This endemic problem has arisen in a number of places, such as in the USA and in most of the world's former colonies. Having been colonised, South African cultural communities have experienced the same threats to their various sacred sites. This article seeks to argue and demonstrate that cultural communities in South Africa stand to benefit from the properly construed and rich earth jurisprudence arising out of the courtroom experiences of some of the cultural communities identified elsewhere in the world. It also proposes several arguments peculiar to South Africa which could be advanced by cultural communities seeking to protect their sacred lands.
Overweight impairs efficacy of iron supplementation in iron-deficient South African children: a randomized controlled intervention
21 July 2015
North West University

Baumgartner, J.;Smuts, C.M.;Aeberli, I.;Malan, L.;Tjalsma, H.;Zimmermann, M.B.

BACKGROUND: Many countries in the nutrition transition have high rates of iron deficiency (ID) and overweight (OW). ID is more common in OW children; this may be due to adiposity-related inflammation reducing iron absorption. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether weight status predicts response to oral iron supplementation in ID South African children. DESIGN: A placebo-controlled trial of oral iron supplementation (50 mg, 4 weeks for 8.5 months) was done in ID 6- to 11-year-old children (n¼321); 28% were OW or obese. BMI-for-age z-scores (BAZ), hepcidin (in a sub-sample), hemoglobin, serum ferritin (SF), transferrin receptor (TfR), zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured; body iron was calculated from the SF to TfR ratio. RESULTS: At baseline, BAZ correlated with CRP (r¼0.201, Po0.001) and CRP correlated with hepcidin (r¼0.384, Po0.001). Normal weight children supplemented with iron had significantly lower TfR concentrations at endpoint than the OW children supplemented with iron and the children receiving placebo. Higher BAZ predicted higher TfR (b¼0.232, Po0.001) and lower body iron (b¼ 0.090, P¼0.016) at endpoint, and increased the odds ratio (OR) for remaining ID at endpoint in both the iron and placebo groups (iron: OR 2.31, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.73; placebo: OR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.91). In the children supplemented with iron, baseline hepcidin and BAZ were significant predictors of endpoint TfR, with a trend towards a hepcidin BAZ interaction (P¼0.058). CONCLUSION: South African children with high BAZ have a two-fold higher risk of remaining ID after iron supplementation. This may be due to their higher hepcidin concentrations reducing iron absorption. Thus, the current surge in OW in rapidly developing countries may undercut efforts to control anemia in vulnerable groups. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01092377.
Land tenure insecurity, vulnerability to climate-induced disaster and opportunities for redress in southern Africa
24 July 2015
North West University

Chagutah, Tigere

Land tenure is an important variable impacting on vulnerability to climate-related disaster. Land tenure insecurity is widespread in southern Africa and manifests itself in a number of ways that accentuate vulnerability to climate change impacts. Insecure tenure is seen to heighten vulnerability against growing demand for land for residential purposes and working space in urban areas while in the rural areas insecure tenure militates against diversified livelihoods and hinders investment in appropriate technologies and uptake of sound environmental management practices. Using the focused synthesis method, this article (1) maps the intersections between land tenure insecurity and vulnerability to climate induced disaster in southern Africa; and (2) identifies the opportunities tenure reforms hold for vulnerability reduction in a region predicted to suffer widespread impacts from climate change. The paper contends that land tenure is a critical component of the milieu of factors – economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and even psychological – that are known to shape vulnerability and determine the environment that people live in. The study finds that land tenure reforms can help to reduce vulnerability and enhance community resilience to climate change. In this regard, the article outlines how tenure reforms can help build diverse household livelihoods, improve environmental management, particularly in the rural areas, and encourage investment in robust housing and safe neighbourhoods among the urban poor – all of which are integral to the region’s response to climate change.
Field-testing of guidance on the appropriate labelling of processed complementary foods for infants and young children in South Africa
06 October 2015
North West University

Sweet, Lara;Jerling, Johann;Van Graan, Averalda

There is a lack of formal guidance from international normative bodies on the appropriate marketing of processed complementary foods. Such guidance is necessary to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding practices. The aim of this study was to field-test, in South Africa, the interim guidance provided by the Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Working Group's Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods as a potential tool for use by manufacturers and national governments for guiding the appropriate labelling (as a subset of appropriate marketing practices) of complementary foods. This guidance was used to develop a checklist of questions and criteria for each possible answer, which was tested using a comprehensive database of labels from products purchased in South Africa from June to August 2011. One hundred and sixty product labels of 35 manufacturers were analysed, none of which complied with all checklist criteria. Fifty-six (35%) labels did not provide an appropriate age of introduction while 37 (23%) used images of infants appearing younger than 6 months. Nineteen (12%) labels suggested a daily ration too large for a breastfed child, and 32 (20%) potentially promote the manufacturer's infant formula. Only 58 (36%) labels were easy to read. The majority (69% and 92%) of labels provided instructions for safe and appropriate preparation/use and storage, respectively. The Draft Guide for Marketing Complementary Foods was found to be a useful tool for guiding the appropriate labelling of complementary foods, although some changes and additions are recommended to improve understanding, ease of use and to minimise the subjective interpretation of the guidance.
Comparative cellular responses in susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars infected by Meloidogyne incognita
16 November 2015
North West University

Fourie, Hendrika;McDonald, Alexander H.;De Waele, Dirk;Jordaan, Anine

Meloidogyne incognita, a predominant nematode parasite of soybean in South Africa, increasingly threatens production of the crop as it is expanding to maize-producing areas infected by this nematode. The parasitic relationship between M. incognita and soybean were compared on a susceptible and a resistant cultivar in terms of nematode penetration, development, reproduction and fecundity as well as histopathology studies. Second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were inoculated on roots of a resistant (LS5995) and a susceptible (Prima2000) cultivar in three concurrent but separate glasshouse trials. For pre-infectional studies, root systems of plants were harvested 2, 4, 10, 16 and 20 DAI. Sampling times for the post-infectional experiment were 4, 10, 20 and 30 DAI, whilst those for the histopathology experiment were 2, 4, 10, 20 and 30 DAI. J2 penetrated roots of both cultivars in comparable numbers 2 DAI but vermiform J2 numbers were significantly lower in roots of LS5995 at 4, 16 and 20 DAI. Final (Pf) J2 population density (vermiform plus swollen individuals) in roots of Prima2000 was significantly higher at all sampling times than those in roots of LS5995. Development of M. incognita J2 to third- (J3) and fourth-stage juveniles (J4) was significantly affected by cultivar susceptibility and time, being slower in LS5995. Development of J2 to J3 and J4 or into mature females was also consistently slower in LS5995 for the duration of this experiment. Adult females in roots of Prima2000 produced significantly more (98%) eggs per egg mass and also maintained significantly more egg and J2 numbers (98.5%) per root system 30 DAI than those in roots of LS5995. Histopathological observations showed that J2 penetrated roots of both soybean cultivars and migrated intercellularly to undifferentiated provascular tissue 2 and 4 DAI, with pronounced cellular changes taking place. A hypersensitive reaction was observed 2 DAI in roots of the resistant cultivar. From 10 to 30 DAI giant cell formation in the differentiated vascular tissue in the roots of LS5995 differed substantially from those in roots of Prima2000. Giant cells that developed in roots of the LS5995 were smaller and fewer compared to those in Prima2000. Giant cells in roots of LS5995 also contained empty as well as sub-optimal giant cells with thicker cell walls than those reported for resistant soybean cultivars in earlier studies. The induction, development and maintenance of giant cells in LS5995 proved to be typically retarded.
A proposed cutoff point of waist-to-height ratio for metabolic risk in African township adolescents
18 November 2015
North West University

Kruger, H. Salome;Faber, Mieke;Schutte, Aletta E.;Ellis, Suria M.

Objective: A waist:height ratio (WHtR) higher than 0.5 has been proposed as a cutoff point for abdominal obesity in both sexes and at all ages. It is unknown if this cutoff point is appropriate for previously undernourished adolescents. We assessed the cutoff value of the WHtR associated with an increased metabolic risk in 178 black South African 14- to 18-y-old adolescents (69 boys, 109 girls). Methods: We measured weight, height, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and blood pressure and calculated the WHtR and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using receiver operating characteristics curve analyses, we assessed the WHtR with the highest sensitivity and specificity to discriminate adolescents with increased fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and blood pressure from those with “normal” values. Results: The WHtR cutoff points derived from the receiver operating characteristics curves ranged from 0.40 to 0.41, with best diagnostic value at 0.41. A WHtR of 0.40 had 80% sensitivity and 38.5% specificity to classify adolescents with fasting blood glucose level higher than 5.6 mmol/L (area under the curve [AUC] 0.57). A WHtR of 0.41 had 64% sensitivity and 58.5% specificity for a HOMAIR higher than 3.4 (AUC 0.66), 55% sensitivity and 55.6% specificity for a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level higher than 1 mg/L (AUC 0.57), and 64% sensitivity and 50.2% specificity for a blood pressure higher than the age-, sex-, and height-specific 90th percentiles (AUC 0.56). Adolescents with a WHtR higher than 0.41 had an odds ratio of 2.46 (95% confidence interval 0.96–6.30) for having a HOMA-IR higher than 3.4. Conclusion: The WHtR cutoff to indicate metabolic risk for black South African adolescents is 0.41, which is lower than the proposed international cutoff of 0.5. The WHtR can be used for screening adolescents with components of the metabolic syndrome in intervention programs.
Dominant inheritance of field–evolved resistance to Bt corn in Busseola fusca
26 January 2016
North West University

Campagne, Pascal;Kruger, Marlene;Van den Berg, Johnnie;Pasquet, Rémy;Le Ru, Bruno

Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been adopted worldwide, notably in developing countries. In spite of their success in controlling target pests while allowing a substantial reduction of insecticide use, the sustainable control of these pest populations is threatened by the evolution of resistance. The implementation of the “high dose/refuge” strategy for managing insect resistance in transgenic crops aims at delaying the evolution of resistance to Bt crops in pest populations by promoting survival of susceptible insects. However, a crucial condition for the “high dose/refuge” strategy to be efficient is that the inheritance of resistance should be functionally recessive. Busseola fusca developed high levels of resistance to the Bt toxin Cry 1Ab expressed in Bt corn in South Africa. To test whether the inheritance of B. fusca resistance to the Bt toxin could be considered recessive we performed controlled crosses with this pest and evaluated its survival on Bt and non-Bt corn. Results show that resistance of B. fusca to Bt corn is dominant, which refutes the hypothesis of recessive inheritance. Survival on Bt corn was not lower than on non-Bt corn for both resistant larvae and the F1 progeny from resistant × susceptible parents. Hence, resistance management strategies of B. fusca to Bt corn must address non-recessive resistance
How can the operating environment for nutrition research be improved in sub–Saharan Africa? The views of African researchers
27 January 2016
North West University

Van Royen, Kathleen;Smit, Karlien;Lachat, Carl;Holdsworth, Michelle;Kinabo, Joyce;Roberfroid, Dominique;Nago, Eunice

Optimal nutrition is critical for human development and economic growth. Sub-Saharan Africa is facing high levels of food insecurity and only few sub-Saharan African countries are on track to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. Effective research capacity is crucial for addressing emerging challenges and designing appropriate mitigation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. A clear understanding of the operating environment for nutrition research in sub-Saharan Africa is a much needed prerequisite. We collected data on the barriers and requirements for conducting nutrition research in sub- Saharan Africa through semi-structured interviews with 144 participants involved in nutrition research in 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 133 interviews were retained for coding. The main barriers identified for effective nutrition research were the lack of funding due to poor recognition by policymakers of the importance of nutrition research and under-utilisation of research findings for developing policy, as well as an absence of research priority setting from within Africa. Current research topics were perceived to be mainly determined by funding bodies from outside Africa. Nutrition researchers argued for more commitment from policymakers at national level. The low capacity for nutrition research was mainly seen as a consequence of insufficient numbers of nutrition researchers, limited skills and a poor research infrastructure. In conclusion, African nutrition researchers argued how research priorities need to be identified by African stakeholders, accompanied by consensus building to enable creating a problem-driven national research agenda. In addition, it was considered necessary to promote interactions among researchers, and between researchers and policymakers. Multidisciplinary research and international and cross-African collaboration were seen as crucial to build capacity in sub-Saharan nutrition research

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